The use of the equation method in solving mathematical problems in primary education occupies an important place in the modern educational process because this method develops pupils’ logical thinking, analytical observation, mathematical literacy, independent reasoning, and problem-solving competence. In the primary grades, mathematical problem solving is considered one of the central directions of mathematics teaching methodology, and the equation method serves as an effective didactic tool in organizing this process. The educational reforms implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the modernization of the primary education system, and the introduction of competence-based educational standards require the improvement of methodologies related to teaching mathematical problems. In this regard, teaching pupils to solve problems through equations contributes not only to the acquisition of mathematical knowledge but also to the development of intellectual activity, creative thinking, and independent learning skills. The article analyzes the scientific-theoretical foundations of using the equation method in primary mathematics education, the pedagogical and psychological characteristics of primary school pupils in mastering equations, methodological approaches to organizing equation-based lessons, and the role of equations in developing mathematical thinking. The research is based on Uzbek pedagogical and methodological literature, state educational standards, and scientific works devoted to primary mathematics teaching methodology. The study reveals that the equation method enhances pupils’ ability to analyze relationships between quantities, identify unknown values, establish mathematical expressions, and apply arithmetic and algebraic operations consciously. The article also discusses interactive technologies, didactic games, visual methods, and problem-based approaches that increase the effectiveness of teaching equations in primary grades. Special attention is paid to the gradual formation of algebraic concepts, the continuity between arithmetic and algebraic thinking, and the importance of equations in developing mathematical competence. The findings indicate that systematic use of equation-based problem solving significantly improves the quality of pupils’ mathematical knowledge, strengthens their reasoning abilities, and increases motivation toward mathematics learning. The study concludes that the equation method is one of the most effective pedagogical means for developing mathematical competence in primary education and should be integrated into modern teaching practice on a broader scientific-methodological basis.

Primary education, mathematics teaching methodology, equation method, mathematical problems, algebraic thinking, logical thinking, problem solving, didactic methods, arithmetic operations, educational technology, interactive methods, mathematical competence, independent thinking, pedagogical technology, equation solving, analytical skills, mathematical literacy, methodology of teaching mathematics, cognitive development, mathematical imagination, educational effectiveness.

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