Ulcerative colitis (UC) represents a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory bowel pathology characterized by diffuse, continuous mucosal inflammation that originates in the rectum and extends proximally into the colon. The development of this condition stems from a multifaceted interplay involving genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, disruptions in the intestinal microbiota, and aberrant immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive academic analysis of the etiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic modalities, evidence-based management, and preventative measures associated with UC. Specific focus is directed toward cytokine signaling cascades, epithelial barrier impairment, microbial dysbiosis, and targeted biological interventions.

Ulcerative colitis

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