The involvement of private sector actors in the provision of education services has grown substantially across both developed and developing economies over the past three decades, driven by demographic pressures, state fiscal constraints, and ideological shifts toward market-based governance. This article provides a rigorous, evidence-grounded examination of the private sector's role across the education spectrum — from primary schooling to higher education and emerging EdTech platforms. Integrating theoretical perspectives from public economics, institutional theory, and political economy with comparative empirical data from OECD nations, South and East Asia, Latin America, and Central Asian transitional economies, the study analyses four critical dimensions: the typology and growth of private education providers; the comparative quality and learning outcomes of private versus public schooling; market failures and their regulatory implications; and the design of effective policy instruments for governing private participation. Drawing on twenty-two primary academic and institutional sources, the article argues that private provision, properly regulated, can meaningfully expand access and stimulate quality competition, but that unregulated markets systematically amplify socioeconomic inequality and produce information failures detrimental to student welfare. A policy design matrix is developed to guide policymakers — particularly in emerging economies such as Uzbekistan — in constructing governance frameworks that harness private sector dynamism while safeguarding equity and public purpose.

Keywords: private education · school choice · public-private partnerships in education · education market failures · vouchers · EdTech · education equity · accreditation · non-state actors · education policy · Uzbekistan · emerging economies · performance-based contracting

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