Leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder characterized by white patches on the oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off. Clinically, it can be homogenous or non-homogenous, with the latter carrying a higher risk of malignancy. The primary risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and chronic irritation. Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical examination, exclusion of other conditions, and histopathological evaluation to assess for dysplasia. Treatment depends on the presence of dysplasia, ranging from risk factor modification and monitoring to surgical intervention for high-risk lesions. Early detection and regular follow-up are essential to prevent malignant transformation. Preventive measures like smoking cessation significantly reduce the likelihood of developing leukoplakia and oral cancer.

Leukoplakia, oral white patches, dysplasia, oral cancer, potentially malignant disorder, biopsy, smoking cessation, oral mucosa, surgical treatment, oral pathology.

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