Recent immunological and immunomorphological studies over the past three decades have significantly transformed our understanding of the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic liver diseases. It has been established that immune dysfunction plays a central role in the progression of liver pathology to chronic forms, primarily through the development of autoimmune reactions and destructive inflammatory processes. In viral hepatitis types B and C, notable shifts in T- and B-cell immunity are observed, including T-helper deficiency, altered helper/suppressor ratios, and excessive antibody production. Circulating immune complexes (CICs) contribute to hepatocyte injury and microcirculatory disturbances. Experimental models such as heliotrine-induced and autoimmune hepatitis closely replicate the immunopathology seen in clinical cases, including lymphoid tissue atrophy and immune imbalance. Despite advances, the role of thymus-spleen interactions in the immune response to hepatic injury remains insufficiently explored. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of targeted diagnostics and immunomodulatory therapies for chronic liver diseases.

Chronic hepatitis, immune disorders, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, autoimmune reactions, circulating immune complexes, spleen, thymus, liver cirrhosis, heliotrine model