Information technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), are creating new opportunities in the field of education by making the educational process more effective and personalized. This article analyzes the role and impact of artificial intelligence in education (AIED). The introduction of AI technologies in education provides opportunities to improve learning, support students and teachers, and optimize various educational activities. Prominent educational platforms such as Khan Academy and Duolingo use AI systems to deliver personalized learning experiences. Companies like iFlyTek in China are using AI for exam grading. The article also presents research and approaches implemented in the AIED field, along with statistical data demonstrating the effectiveness and positive impact of AI on education, such as improved test results and reduced anxiety. Additionally, the article reviews existing research and methodologies, highlighting emerging areas for further investigation. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of applying AI in education and its potential to transform the educational sector.

The article discusses the political activity of the Great Leader Heydar Aliyev in literature, science and the work he did on the development of literature. At the same time, his policy on folklore and literature was revealed. The speeches and reports made by the outstanding statesman Heydar Aliyev at the 10th Congress of Writers, the 3rd Congress of Writers of the Turkic World, and at jubilee events were evaluated as a means of serving the people as part of literary education and became an occasion for the further flourishing of Azerbaijani literature. At the same time, a new idea was put forward in the 1990s that the works written during the Soviet period were valuable for literature

This article analyzes the emergence of new words in the Uzbek language, their structure, semantic aspects, and areas of application. It examines the growth of lexical richness in language development and highlights modern methods of word formation—such as affixation, abbreviations, translation-based words, and terms created through folk creativity—with examples.

In this article, I will discuss the number of people who speak Russian in the world and the potential for teaching Russian in schools. I have given examples of the widespread promotion of Russian as a subject in kindergartens, schools, colleges and even higher education institutions.

Volumetric solutions of Oasis and residential and hostel geliouys in the territory of Uzbekistan have been developed for them. solar devices that provide heating and Heat have been developed and implemented .Passive or mixed heliosystems should be used for geliouys in desert areas. Architectural and architectural solutions of these buildings envisage a compact type of construction. The Helio heat supply of various types of residential buildings makes it possible to solve the problem of providing energy in the mountainous and mountainous regions of Central Asia, for example, where there are no private fuel resources, these areas are located far from the main fuel bases of the country. Volumetric solutions of Oasis and residential and hostel geliouys in the territory of Uzbekistan have been developed for them. solar devices that provide heating and Heat have been developed and implemented . Gelio with heat in sunny houses in Oasis areas

This article examines the impact of drip irrigation on corn production in medium soil types, emphasizing water efficiency, yield improvements, and economic benefits. By delivering water directly to the root zone, drip irrigation minimizes waste and maximizes crop response, especially in loamy soils that balance moisture retention and drainage. The article also discusses the integration of fertigation, reduction of weed and disease incidence, and challenges associated with adoption. Based on case studies and global research, drip irrigation demonstrates significant promise for sustainable and profitable corn cultivation.

International letters of credit (LCs) remain one of the most secure and widely used instruments in global trade finance. This article explores the current status of commercial banks in facilitating international LCs, focusing on their role, operational dynamics, compliance requirements, and the challenges they face in today’s complex and regulated global financial environment. The paper also examines the impact of digitalization and international banking standards on the effectiveness of LC operations. Through analytical insights and global case studies, the article concludes with key recommendations to improve LC service efficiency and mitigate risks for commercial banks.

This article explores the invaluable importance of water in human life and its unique characteristics. The biological, physiological, and ecological significance of water, its role in life processes in the human body, as well as the main aspects of water use in everyday life, are considered. The article analyzes the chemical and physical properties of water, including solubility, heat capacity, surface tension, and others. Issues of water pollution and its consequences, protection and rational use of water resources are also covered. The article is aimed at increasing the understanding of the importance of water for human life and the environment.

The digital transformation of banking institutions has become a cornerstone of financial sector reform across the globe. This paper explores the multifaceted role of digital banking in fostering regional socio-economic development. It examines how innovations such as mobile banking, digital payment platforms, and AI-driven customer services not only enhance financial inclusion but also stimulate local entrepreneurship, improve government service delivery, and promote regional investment. Drawing on global examples and emphasizing applications in emerging economies, the article highlights the need for supportive infrastructure, policy frameworks, and digital literacy to fully leverage the benefits of bank digitalization.

This study explores the process of decision-making in non-situational contexts and examines its long-term psychological consequences. In non-situational contexts, individuals are required to make decisions without the presence of clear situational cues or prior experiences, often leading to uncertainty and emotional distress. This research investigates the cognitive, emotional, and social factors that influence decision-making in these complex situations. Furthermore, it seeks to understand the psychological outcomes of such decisions over time, particularly how individuals adapt to and cope with the consequences of their choices. The study emphasizes the importance of psychological resilience, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility in mitigating negative long-term effects. By integrating theoretical models from cognitive psychology, emotional intelligence, and decision theory, this research aims to provide insights into how decision-making under uncertainty can impact individuals' mental health and well-being in the long run. The findings have implications for developing strategies to improve decision-making skills, particularly in high-stress and unpredictable environments, and for enhancing psychological interventions aimed at promoting emotional recovery and cognitive adaptation.

This article discusses the economic efficiency and efficiency assessment mechanisms of food industry enterprises, in which a SWOT analysis is conducted to help enterprises improve their activities, increase competitiveness and achieve sustainable development. A conclusion is made on the ways to increase the economic efficiency of food industry enterprises, and measures are considered to ensure food safety in our country.

The article examines state support for the fruit and vegetable industry in Uzbekistan, the conditions created, economic mechanisms and opportunities. First of all, it covers issues of increasing labor productivity, linking production with science, providing personnel, and introducing new modern technologies.

The article examines the opportunities and main directions created in the region to support small business and private entrepreneurship. Detailed information on its importance in providing employment and increasing income. Recommendations on factors of practical development of small business and private entrepreneurship are also given.

This article explores contemporary strategies for managing early menopause, examining both conventional medical interventions and complementary natural approaches. Through analysis of current literature, the paper reviews hormone replacement therapy protocols, innovative fertility preservation techniques, and emerging pharmacological treatments alongside evidence-based natural interventions including phytoestrogens, lifestyle modifications, and psychological support methods. The findings highlight the importance of personalized, integrative care combining medical and natural approaches for optimal management of early menopause, emphasizing the need for comprehensive treatment strategies that address both physical symptoms and psychological wellbeing.

Translation is the process of transforming one language into another, which requires taking into account not only words, but also culture, context, and the author's intention. Translation methods depend on many factors, including the type of text, target audience, and cultural differences. The article analyzes the classification of translation methods, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the difficulties that arise during the translation process. The possibilities of using modern technologies and programs to increase the effectiveness of translation methods are also considered.

This article covers the theoretical aspects of the formation of strategies for improving the quality of products at enterprises, as well as the experience of foreign countries. The approaches required for effective quality management systems to operate have been analyzed, including modern styles such as ISO 9001 standards, TQM (Total Quality Management), Six Sigma, Lean Manufacturing, and Kaizen. Based on the experience of developed countries such as Japan, the United States and Germany, useful strategic recommendations have been developed for enterprises. Increasing competitiveness, increasing export capacity, and gaining consumer confidence have been cited as important factors by improving product quality. The possibilities of applying these approaches in the conditions of Uzbekistan are also analyzed in detail.

Semantic analysis is a fundamental aspect of contemporary linguistics that is concerned with the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is expressed through words, phrases, sentences, and larger units of discourse and how the context of use influences interpretation. The article covers the theoretical foundations of semantic analysis, its methodology, and its applications to natural language processing (NLP), computational linguistics, and cognitive science. Semantic analysis enables linguists and researchers to better comprehend the subtleties of human communication and create advanced language technologies.

The article discusses the issues of determining and assessing audit risk, analyzes Russian and foreign experience in applying international auditing standards in terms of risk assessment and risk identification, taking into account the company's internal control system.

The аrticle is devоted tо the develоpment оf physicаl quаlities оf оlder children in preschооl educаtiоn аs а priоrity in the prоcess оf physicаl educаtiоn in preschооl educаtiоn. It is determined by the level оf develоpment оf physicаl quаlities (speed, strength, аgility, flexibility, endurаnce, аgility-strength аbilities). the develоpment оf physicаl fitness аnd persоnаl mоtivаtiоn fоr а heаlthy lifestyle.

the preschооl educаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоn, the prоgrаm mоdules оf the аpplicаtiоn аnd gymnаstic exercises cоnsisting оf а cоmplex оf meаns аimed аt imprоving the Initiаl stоry аnd figurаtive bаsed оn the mоtоr аctivity оf preschооl children is highlighted.

this аrticle reveаls the impоrtаnce оf physicаl educаtiоn оf preschооl children in prоviding persоnаl аnd wаys tо sоlve prоblems the fоrmаt thаt the аris during their cоmprehensive develоpment.

tо beаt the оppоnent tо win nоt оnly in spоrts, but аlsо tо educаte аsk yоurself, discipline yоurself tо аsk, tо get rid оf flаws аnd shоrtcоmings, sоme аre negаtive, tо pаss the test, if necessаry, tо be better thаn yesterdаy. `lish meаns. If we s а spоrts cоmp system sаvаge building оr structure, its the bаsi, оf cоurse, is children's spоrts. Tо this end, periоdicаlly while trying tо tаke а wоrthy plаce in the internаtiоnаl аrenа оf Uzbek spоrts, the gоаl cаnnоt be аchieved withоut the systemаtic develоpment оf children's spоrts аnd yоuth spоrts.

Physicаl prepаrаtiоn invоlved physicаl develоpment аnd prоgress tоwаrds the directiоn аbilities develоpment is аlsо а lаrge cоntributiоn will аdd. In this regаrd, in the exercise оf the prоcess frоm the initiаl prepаrаtiоn during the periоd оf physicаl trаining оf the increаse tо the tоtаl time оf 80% is аllоcаted. Generаl аnd specific trаining in between .  аn impоrtаnt difference there. Generаl physicаl prepаredness in key physicаl аttributes: strength, speed, аgility, flexibility, durаbility, mоvements оf the cоmbinаtiоn , аnd оthers tо be develоped. Speciаl physicаl prepаrаtiоn specific spоrt type , аnd their mаin methоd оf exercise study аnd their perfоrmаnce, skill increаse by cаused.

This comprehensive research article examines the fundamental role of competencies in effective intercultural communication within increasingly globalized contexts. The study systematically analyzes the multidimensional nature of intercultural communication competencies through three interconnected domains: cognitive (cultural knowledge, contextual awareness), affective (empathy, openness), and behavioral (adaptability, active listening). Through a methodical review of 87 scholarly sources published between 2000-2024, the research identifies developmental pathways including experiential learning, formal education, mentoring, and technology-mediated approaches. Significant outcomes are documented across individual, educational, and organizational domains. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating these competency dimensions while remaining attentive to contextual factors such as power dynamics and historical relations.  

The article examines the phenomenon of ellipsis in the Uzbek language within the framework of linguistic analysis. Various forms of ellipsis, their role in the syntactic structure, and their function in conveying the content are highlighted. Along with the general features of the phenomenon of ellipsis in Turkic languages, its practical application and stylistic function in the Uzbek language are analyzed using examples. The study reveals the role of ellipsis in communication as a means of ensuring understanding in relation to the context.

This article analyzes the historical stages, social and environmental consequences of the new land development policy implemented during the Soviet Union. Particularly detailed is how this policy, which began in 1954, was implemented in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and other regions. During the study, analytical approaches were used based on historical documents, statistics and modern scientific sources. The article highlights the short-term achievements and long-term negative consequences of new land development policies, showing aspects that today can serve as lessons for Agrarian Policy.

This article discusses the importance of examples of folk oral literature in primary school lessons, as well as the educational impact of fairy tales, epics, proverbs, and tongue twisters, and their role in the development of speech.

This article discusses the traditional principles of the Uzbek miniature school. In particular, the masters, schools and traditions of miniature art, the necessary styles when creating a miniature, composition, placement, symmetry, asymmetry, rhythm, proportion, module, differential, stylization, etc. are scientifically covered. Implementation of the principles of miniature painting in the art of painting with traditional varnish , the emergence of a new type of art in the creative practice of Uzbek artists - lacquer miniatures.

This article provides information about the PIRLS international assessment program, discusses the issues of preparing primary school students for this international assessment program, as well as the work that needs to be done in this regard, and notes the results of our country in 2021.

This article presents the main issues of effective organization of primary school literacy lessons and the development of creative thinking in students through these lessons, as well as the enrichment of their speech.

This article provides a comprehensive linguistic analysis of bivalent units, a core category within predicate-argument structures that inherently require two syntactic and semantic arguments to express complete meaning. Bivalent units—typically verbs—play a fundamental role in sentence construction and meaning, bridging syntax and semantics in all natural languages. The study delves into the theoretical foundations of valency theory and predicate logic to frame the classification and behavior of bivalent predicates, focusing particularly on their syntactic realizations, thematic roles, and the interface between grammatical form and conceptual meaning. In addition to outlining the formal properties of these units, the article explores cross-linguistic perspectives, including differences in argument alignment, case marking, and morphosyntactic patterns across typologically diverse languages. Special attention is given to alternations such as passivization, dative shift, and causative constructions, all of which provide insight into how bivalent predicates function in real language use. The paper also discusses implications for cognitive linguistics, second language acquisition, and translation studies. This in-depth examination is intended for scholars and students of syntax, semantics, typology, and cognitive linguistics.

The article discusses religious allusion and its characteristics, as well as religious allusive units found in the poetry of Abdulla Oripov and their analysis.

This article analyzes the effectiveness of working effectively with students with learning disabilities, dyslexia, or speech difficulties and the effectiveness of implementing a multisensory approach in improving reading fluency in primary school students. In addition, the impact of inclusive and neuropsychologically based reading strategies on the child’s psyche with students in need of inclusive education is studied. It examines how inclusive and multisensory methods can be used with primary school students and what changes occur in students' reading and worldview through these methods. It extensively discusses how reading with visual aids, rhythm-based phonetic exercises, dramatization, interactive storytelling, and the use of digital technologies can affect students' reading fluency. Based on theoretical and practical observations, a multisensory approach has been proven to improve students’ reading fluency, pronunciation, intonation, and comprehension, as well as help them enter and adapt to the learning process more quickly.

It can be includied several difficulties in translating Navoi's works. It is necessary to take into account the context of its ideological and linguistic culture.  It is important to correctly express Navoi's unique stylistic style and poetic images. The process of adapting the old Turkish words and phrases, which are difficult for the translator to understand, to the modern language is complicated. It is also necessary to thoroughly study the historical and cultural contexts of his works. All this complicates the translation process.

This article discusses the need for improving the methodology of teaching folk science in the form of distance learning, introduced at all stages of Education and various innovative methods of teaching as well. The article substantiates the need to use interactive methods, information technology, creative approaches and research methods for the effective organization of folklore lessons. In conclusion, the role of folklore education in preserving national culture and passing it on to future generations is emphasized.

The article explores the concept of digital educational technologies as a method for organizing a digital learning environment and as a tool for developing universal skills that contribute to learners’ future professional and personal growth.

This article is prepared to introduce the life and work of the great figure of Uzbek literature, Abdulla Avloniy, as well as to highlight his contributions to the development of his homeland.

Doppler ultrasound methods are important in assessing the health of the mother and fetus in pregnancy monitoring, allowing early detection of preeclampsia, fetal blood flow disorders, and other high-risk conditions. According to the World Health Organization (who), the number of Doppler investigations in 2023 has increased by an annual average of 12%, indicating that the technology is globally widespread.  This work will assess the effectiveness of Doppler technology on the basis of international standards, international research and statistics. In conclusion, Doppler technology has been strengthening its position as a key tool in improving the quality of pregnancy monitoring in the field of Obstetrics and gynecology.

This scientific article extensively analyzes the concept of pilgrimage tourism, its role in socio-spiritual and economic life. In particular, it is emphasized that this type of tourism is very relevant for countries with a rich historical and cultural heritage, such as Uzbekistan. The article highlights the role of the private sector in the development of pilgrimage tourism, the services provided by it, its contribution to the creation of infrastructure and the creation of new jobs. The projects implemented with the participation of the private sector, the quality of tourist services, their formation based on innovative and modern requirements are considered. The article also examines cooperation based on public-private partnerships, the investment environment, tax and credit benefits, and marketing strategies. According to the author, an important factor for the further development of pilgrimage tourism is the encouragement and support of private business entities.

This article examines the Flipped Classroom model as an innovative pedagogical approach by exploring its historical origins, theoretical foundations, and practical implementation. It presents a brief overview of the model’s evolution from early concepts such as peer instruction to its formal adoption in contemporary education. Based on an empirical study conducted with undergraduate students, the article evaluates the model's impact on academic performance, student engagement, and critical thinking. The findings suggest that the Flipped Classroom significantly enhances the quality of the learning process compared to traditional instructional methods.

This article examines the necessity of developing teachers’ digital competencies in the twenty-first-century educational environment, identifies current challenges, and proposes effective strategies based on both international and national experiences.

This paper affords a comparative phonetic evaluation of the English and German languages. The look at makes a speciality of vowel and consonant inventories, strain patterns, and phonological tactics which includes assimilation and final-obstruent devoicing. The goal is to become aware of phonetic similarities and variations which can tell language getting to know and linguistic research.

The consonants are grouped according to the parameter manner of articulation, and each group, for example plosives, nasals, fricatives, affricates, laterals, R-variants and glides, is compared in a separate chapter. Additionally, to the distinctive sounds, the most important allophonic variants of certain phonemes of both languages are looked at. The differences described in this comparison do not claim to be exhaustive, however the paper aims to give a general overview regarding the most predominant differences and similarities of the English and German consonant systems, phonologically as well as phonetically. Unless stated differently, the English referred to is RP.

This paper analyzes three major international assessment systems—PISA, TIMSS, and PIRLS—focusing on their structure, objectives, and evaluation criteria. It compares their impact on educational reforms in different countries, particularly Finland, and discusses their implications for improving primary education in Uzbekistan. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting international benchmarks while considering the cultural and contextual uniqueness of the Uzbek education system.

This study investigates the kinematic parameters of the bisatellite point in a biplanetary mechanism used in periodic dough mixing machines. Using the motion inversion method, we derive equations for angular velocities, trajectory, speed, and acceleration of the bisatellite point. Computational analysis in MathCAD 15 evaluates the influence of carrier rotation speed on extreme kinematic values, providing insights for optimizing biplanetary drive performance.

This article analyzes the story of Abdulla Qahhar “The Teacher of Literature” from the series “Pomegranate” and comments on the peculiarities of a literature teacher. This story, written with great skill, through sharp satire, social analysis and obliques, exposes a certain stratum of the Uzbek society formed at one time - the so-called “enlightened, intelligentsia”, but living with inner emptiness and vulnerability.

This article examines the historical stages of the emergence of money, its role as an initial medium of exchange, and its development over the centuries. The place and significance of money in economic categories, its main functions, and the reasons behind its transformation into a vital element of social progress are thoroughly analyzed. Special attention is given to the role of money in the modern economy, including mechanisms for ensuring economic stability and growth through monetary circulation. The article also explores new trends in the concept of money related to the development of digital technologies and the role of modern payment instruments in economic transactions.

The banking system is a crucial component of the national economy, playing a key role in ensuring economic growth, attracting investments, and maintaining financial stability. This paper examines the history of the banking system's development and its impact on the national economy. Banks have evolved their activities over various historical stages, influencing all areas of economic activity. The paper discusses the establishment of the banking system, its contribution to the economy, changes in the banking sector, and the introduction of new financial technologies.

This article analyzes the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies and their impact on the socio-economic and legal spheres. The need for legal regulation of artificial intelligence, the main directions of regulation based on existing problems and global experience are highlighted. Also, proposals and recommendations are given on the formation and development of legal infrastructure in the field of artificial intelligence in Uzbekistan. The article emphasizes the importance of ensuring individual freedoms, data security and the principles of justice when using artificial intelligence.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the central bank's monetary policy and its impact on the country's economy. The paper examines the main regulatory instruments, including interest rates, open market operations, and mandatory reserve requirements. The article examines how these mechanisms affect key macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, unemployment, investment activity and financial stability.

The theme of "Production models" includes various methods and approaches aimed at effective organization and management of production processes in industrial and services. The main models for production on this topic are considered to be massigited, individual, party, streaming, lean and agile. The advantages, disadvantages and scope of each model will analyze. The theme reveals the importance of choosing a model in increasing production efficiency, rational use of resources and adaptation to market demand. This analysis serves as an important auspicious and practical basis that serves to improve the production processes.

Exchange rate fluctuations have a profound impact on the stability and performance of national banking systems, especially in emerging and developing economies. This paper investigates how exchange rate volatility influences credit risk, liquidity levels, and capital adequacy in the banking sector. Drawing on both theoretical frameworks and empirical case studies, the research analyzes the transmission mechanisms through which currency depreciation or appreciation affects loan quality, foreign currency exposure, and overall bank resilience. Special attention is given to countries with high levels of dollarization and limited monetary policy autonomy. The findings suggest that while flexible exchange rate regimes can serve as shock absorbers in times of external turbulence, they also expose banks to greater balance sheet vulnerabilities. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing exchange rate risk management and improving macroprudential oversight within banking institutions.

The application of biodegradable materials in orthopedics has revolutionized the management of bone and soft tissue injuries by offering temporary support and eliminating the need for secondary implant removal surgeries. This paper reviews the types, properties, and clinical performance of biodegradable polymers, ceramics, and composites in orthopedic applications. The advantages of biodegradability, such as reduced long-term complications and better tissue regeneration, are evaluated alongside challenges like mechanical strength limitations and degradation kinetics. Recent advances in material science, including bioactive coatings, nanocomposites, and 3D printing technologies, are also discussed. The future perspectives point toward smart biomaterials with controlled degradation profiles and biofunctional responses tailored to specific orthopedic needs.

Hemiepiphysiodesis is a growth modulation technique widely used in pediatric orthopaedics to correct coronal plane deformities of the knee, including genu valgum and genu varum. The procedure involves temporary tethering of one side of the growth plate (physis) to harness the remaining growth potential and gradually realign the limb. Compared to osteotomies, hemiepiphysiodesis is less invasive, associated with fewer complications, and allows for gradual correction with minimal discomfort. This review outlines the anatomical principles, biomechanical rationale, surgical techniques, patient selection criteria, and postoperative follow-up protocols. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and potential complications of the procedure, emphasizing the importance of surgical timing and precise deformity analysis for optimal outcomes.

Conditional sentences are essential grammatical structures in English used to express hypothetical situations, possibilities, and their consequences. This article explores the different types of conditional sentences (zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals), their structures, and their appropriate usage in various contexts. The study also analyzes common mistakes learners make and provides practical examples to enhance understanding.

This article provides detailed information about the history and stages of development of Uzbek musical art. In addition, it presents opinions on the role and importance of musical art in the development of Uzbek music.  

The scientific article shows that when using various packaging materials for the qualitative preservation of lemon fruits, the most optimal option is to store lemon fruits in polyethylene bags, which achieves high results in all indicators (natural shrinkage indicators%, output of unfit products%, rotten products% and output of marketable products%). When these indicators are compared between lemon varieties, experimental materials are presented that show that the fruits of Tashkent and Yubileiny varieties achieve higher results than other lemon varieties .

The article is devoted to the main aspects of life insurance as a type of voluntary personal insurance. The features of this type of insurance, insurance risks, the development of life insurance in the world insurance practice are considered. The development prospects, challenges and problems of life insurance in the Russian market of insurance services are studied.

In thе еrа оf digitаl еcоnоmy, thе intеgrаtiоn оf digitаl аnd nеurоmаrkеting strаtеgiеs hаs bеcоmе аn impоrtаnt аspеct оf mоdеrn mаrkеting. Digitаl mаrkеting аllоws cоmpаniеs tо prоvidе cоnsumеrs with pеrsоnаlizеd аnd rеlеvаnt infоrmаtiоn, whilе nеurоmаrkеting аnаlyzеs uncоnsciоus cоnsumеr bеhаviоr tо оptimizе mаrkеting strаtеgiеs. This study еxаminеs thе rеlаtiоnship bеtwееn digitаl mаrkеting аnd nеurоmаrkеting cоncеpts аnd thеir impаct оn cоnsumеr dеcisiоn-mаking prоcеssеs.

This article presents the results of theoretical and practical studies conducted on a sample of external walls made of aerated concrete blocks in order to improve the operational characteristics and energy efficiency of external walls of residential buildings made of aerated concrete blocks. As a result of the studies, the total heat transfer resistance of the sample of external walls of residential buildings made of thermally improved aerated concrete blocks, the coefficient of thermal conductivity of wall layers, the heat flow passing through the wall, the temperature in the wall layers and the heat resistance of the wall for the summer season were determined. The conducted theoretical thermal-physical studies were compared with practical studies conducted on the wall model, and recommendations were developed to increase the thermal protection of external walls of buildings being built based on modern projects.

this article is devoted to the study of such issues as the relevance of the problem of waste in modern cities, the increase in street litter, and the role of the ecological culture of urban residents in this regard. The article analyzes the types and quantities of waste generated in cities and their negative impact on the environment. The article provides practical recommendations for solving the waste problem in cities, reducing street litter, and improving the ecological culture of the population.

The article aims to show the importance of teaching the younger generation of thrift and environmental awareness in the development of society. The limitation of Natural Resources and the need for their rational use is one of the main factors in the sustainable development of society. It plays an important role in the formation of respect for the environment, labor products and national wealth for children, the absorption of a culture of thrift through them, the provision of economic and environmental well-being in the future. The article highlights the techniques and approaches used in teaching thrift, including practical training, interactive games, and teaching children to save and process resources through environmental education. The importance of the interaction of family and educational institutions in the development of hard work, economic responsibility and environmental awareness among children is also shown. Article, by educating the younger generation of thrifty, it I not only a personal, but Al O an economic part of society.

In our country, several mechanisms connected with organizational-legal, economic-financial, tax-customs, and foreign economic processes have been improved to ensure the sustainable development of economic activities and business, thereby enhancing the role of the field in the socio-economic development of the country.

This in the article Kazakh in literature reflection reached historical images study​ and analysis to do methodology illuminated. Historical individuals or historical periods reflection delivered works analysis to do in students historical thinking, cultural consciousness, aesthetic taste to form service does. In the article such images analysis in doing applicable methods, stages and styles about idea carried out.

This paper explores contemporary methodologies in foreign language education, with a particular focus on English teaching practices. As English continues to play a critical role in global communication and professional development, it becomes essential to adopt diverse and modern teaching strategies that cater to the evolving needs of learners. This article aims to examine traditional and emerging teaching approaches and highlight how technological advancements have transformed the landscape of English language instruction.

This article examines t he impact of phonetic variability on the accuracy of speech recognition systems in second language (L2) learners. It delves into how variations in pronunciation—stemming from regional accents, individual speech patterns, and language proficiency—affect the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) technologies. The study highlights the challenges faced by ASR systems in accurately transcribing non-native speech and discusses the implications for language learning applications. By analyzing current research and technological advancements, the article offers insights into improving ASR systems to better accommodate the diverse phonetic profiles of L2 speakers.

This article provides a comparative analysis of synonyms in the German and Uzbek languages, focusing on their lexical, semantic, and stylistic characteristics. The study examines how synonymous words function in different contexts, their levels of equivalence, and their usage in literary and colloquial language. Special attention is given to the classification of synonyms, their semantic nuances, and the challenges of translating synonyms between these two languages. The research draws on examples from modern media, literary works, and everyday speech in both German and Uzbek, offering insights into cross-linguistic similarities and differences in synonym usage.

The morphology of the German language offers a rich and complex system of word formation, reflecting its deep historical roots and close ties to other Indo-European languages. This study explores the various morphological structures within German, with particular attention to inflection, derivation, and compounding. The research provides a comparative analysis of these structures in the context of German and other related languages, such as English and Latin, to highlight both commonalities and divergences in morphological processes. The paper examines the roles of noun declension, verb conjugation, and the formation of adjectives and adverbs, considering both the synchronic and diachronic aspects of the German language. Furthermore, it explores how historical linguistic changes, from Old High German to Modern Standard German, have influenced current morphological practices. Through this comparative approach, the study aims to enhance the understanding of German linguistic structure and its implications for language acquisition, translation studies, and cross-linguistic analysis.

The continuous advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies has profoundly reshaped various sectors, with education being one of the most significantly impacted. These technologies have enabled new teaching methodologies that emphasize personalization, flexibility, inclusivity, and student-centered learning. Artificial intelligence, through adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring, and predictive analytics, is revolutionizing how instruction is delivered and how student progress is monitored. Simultaneously, digital innovations such as mobile learning applications, learning management systems (LMS), virtual and augmented realities, and gamification strategies have redefined classroom experiences, offering dynamic and immersive learning environments. However, alongside these opportunities arise challenges related to digital equity, ethical considerations, teacher training, and the risk of over-reliance on technology. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how AI and digital technologies are influencing the development of modern teaching methodologies. It discusses their benefits, critically examines the barriers to their widespread adoption, and offers suggestions for future implementation strategies aimed at fostering sustainable, inclusive, and effective educational practices. Through this exploration, the paper highlights the imperative of balancing technological innovation with human-centric pedagogical principles to ensure a transformative and equitable future for education.

Annotation: This article discusses the organization of education for children who require long-term treatment due to chronic illnesses or other medical conditions. It highlights the importance of ensuring continuous educational development for these children despite their prolonged absence from traditional school settings. The article explores various models of hospital and home-based schooling, the role of special educators and healthcare professionals, as well as the psychological and social support needed to foster effective learning. Special attention is given to inclusive strategies, the use of technology in distance learning, and the collaboration between medical institutions and educational bodies to create an adaptive and supportive learning environment.

This article explores the formation and structural features of technical terminology in the English language. It analyzes the linguistic processes involved in the creation of terms in scientific and technical fields, including borrowing, compounding, affixation, and abbreviation. The paper also discusses the importance of clarity, consistency, and international standardization in technical language.

Vitamin D plays a vital role in the growth and development of children, particularly in maintaining bone health and supporting the immune system. This article explores the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among school-aged children, a growing concern in pediatric healthcare. The study identifies contributing factors such as insufficient sun exposure, dietary habits, and lack of awareness among parents and caregivers. It also examines the potential long-term consequences of vitamin D deficiency, including bone deformities, growth retardation, and an increased susceptibility to infections. The article emphasizes the importance of early detection and preventive measures, such as promoting adequate sunlight exposure, vitamin D supplementation, and education to ensure optimal health outcomes for children.

This study addresses the numerical solution of differential equations that contain a small parameter in front of the highest-order derivative. Such equations frequently arise in various physical modeling scenarios, such as heat conduction, diffusion, and fluid dynamics. These equations exhibit special characteristics, where the presence of a small parameter leads to the formation of boundary layers and sharp changes in the solution. The initial integration method is a powerful approach for obtaining stable and highly accurate results in solving such problems numerically. This research analyzes the application features of the method, its advantages, and its impact on the sensitive zones of the solution. The results demonstrate that the method is an effective tool for reliably solving complex problems involving small parameters.

This scientific article presents a comprehensive analysis of standardization and certification processes that play a crucial role in enhancing staff qualifications and the quality of services provided in the hotel and restaurant industry. The research focuses on identifying the importance of compliance with hygiene, environmental standards, and customer satisfaction as key factors in the sustainable development of the sector in Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the integration of international standards (ISO 9001, ISO 22000, HACCP) with the national regulatory framework, as well as the effective implementation of certification mechanisms. Based on a comparative analysis of national and international practices, current challenges, weaknesses of the existing system, and practical recommendations for their resolution are identified. The article concludes by outlining theoretical-methodological and practical approaches to improving service quality in Uzbekistan’s hospitality establishments in line with international norms, which is considered a significant factor for the development of gastronomic tourism.

This article covers the essence of the discipline of defectology, current issues in working with children with special educational needs, the role of this field in the modern education system, and areas for improvement. The main areas of defectology - surdopedagogy, typhlopedagogy, logopedagogy, and oligophrenopedagogy - are in the center of special attention. The author analyzes existing problems and gives specific proposals and recommendations for their elimination.

This article explores the emerging trends in digital sculpture among contemporary sculptors in Uzbekistan. It examines how technological advancements are reshaping artistic practices and the implications for cultural identity, creativity, and artistic expression. By analyzing case studies of prominent Uzbek sculptors who integrate digital tools into their work, this study highlights the transformative impact of digital technology on traditional sculptural methods and the broader art landscape in Uzbekistan.

International communities play an important role in the development of culture and art in the new Uzbekistan. International cultural cooperation will create an opportunity to strengthen the national image of the state, expand cultural exchanges and global recognition in an artistic orientation. International development of the culture and art. It  will give Uzbekistan of the opportunity  to preserve cultural countries, preparing for cultural changes and developing state culture. International cultural exchange is developing in the new Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan cooperates with UNESCO, UN organizations for culture, education and science. International cultural exchanges contribute to the preservation of Uzbek culture, and also instill international experience in the cultural development of the state. For example, Uzbekistan actively participates in cultural festivals and conferences, which makes it possible to laugh in practice at projects depicting the culture of foreign countries.

The present article explores the crucial role that context plays in the translation process. It examines various types of context, including linguistic, cultural, situational, and cognitive factors, and their impact on translation accuracy and meaning transfer. The study also analyzes methodologies for integrating contextual understanding into translation practice, supported by empirical data. Tables illustrating common contextual translation challenges and proposed solutions are included. The findings highlight the indispensable nature of context in achieving fidelity and naturalness in translation.

The Russian language has great cultural, political and economic importance on a global scale. Therefore, it is very important to use effective teaching methods that help in successful language acquisition. This article explores the methodologies and approaches to teaching Russian language lessons in specialized schools. Given the significance of the Russian language as a cultural and educational medium, it plays a crucial role in developing students' linguistic competencies. The article analyzes contemporary methods and techniques used in teaching, providing recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of instruction. The research aims to improve the quality of Russian language education in specialized institutions.

Agriculture is one of the main sectors of the economy of every country, and its sustainable development directly affects food security, population well-being and economic growth. A solid legal framework is necessary for the effective organization of agricultural activities. This article discusses the legal framework for agricultural development, existing problems and ways to improve them.

This article explores the integration of linguistic ecology into language education, emphasizing how ecological perspectives can enrich pedagogical practices and promote linguistic diversity. Drawing from interdisciplinary research in sociolinguistics, education, and environmental studies, the paper outlines key strategies for incorporating linguistic ecological principles into curriculum design, classroom instruction, and language policy. It also identifies significant challenges, such as institutional resistance, lack of teacher training, and sociopolitical barriers, while suggesting practical recommendations for overcoming these obstacles.

This paper explores the functional and stylistic features of periphrasis in the works of Alisher Navoi, with a particular focus on its role in enriching poetic language and conveying nuanced meanings. Drawing from selected examples across Navoi's lyrical and narrative compositions, the study analyzes the semantic functions and stylistic intentions behind the use of periphrastic expressions. It is argued that periphrasis in Navoi’s texts serves not only an aesthetic function but also reflects cultural, philosophical, and emotional layers embedded in the literary tradition of the time. Through this analysis, the research highlights Navoi's masterful use of language and underscores the importance of periphrasis as a significant stylistic device in classical Eastern literature.

 This article explores the heroic and philosophical dimensions of J.R.R. Tolkien's mythic vision, focusing on his iconic work The Lord of the Rings and its enduring impact on literature. It examines the multi-layered genre structure of Tolkien's writing, blending mythology, epic, and chivalric romance to address profound themes such as the struggle between Good and Evil. Through a comprehensive approach, the article discusses Tolkien's literary influences, including ancient myths and medieval romance, and how they contribute to the philosophical depth of his work. It also highlights the growing field of "Tolkien Studies" and the evolving understanding of his creative legacy.

Teaching grammar has undoubtedly been one of the most controversial issues in the history of English language teaching, strongly influenced by different approaches which have dominated the area of foreign language teaching (FLT) in different periods. With the emergence of communicative language teaching (CLT) in the 1970s, grammar was first marginalised as the focus shifted from accuracy to fluency. Language acquisition theory rejected the explicit teaching of grammar on the grounds that language and grammar can be acquired subconsciously. However, the effectiveness of this theory was later questioned as reports of low writing proficiency and poor grammar came through.

Phrasiological units, such as idioms, proverbs, and fixed expressions, are pivotal in conveying cultural and linguistic nuances across languages. This article examines the role of phrasiological units in global communication, with a specific focus on comparing Uzbek and English expressions. By analyzing their structural, semantic, and cultural dimensions, the study highlights how these units reflect societal values and historical contexts. The comparison reveals both universal themes and culture-specific differences, underscoring challenges in translation and cross-cultural understanding. Through this exploration, the article emphasizes the importance of phrasiological units in fostering intercultural dialogue and preserving linguistic heritage in a globalized world.

This article analyzes the lexical and grammatical means of expressing modal predicative structures in English and Uzbek, their syntactic features, and the similarities and differences in their semantic approach. The forms in which modal meanings (obligation, possibility, permission, desire) are expressed in both languages are illustrated with examples. It is also shown that structures expressed through predicative units in Uzbek are often expressed through modal verbs in English. The results of this study have practical significance for teachers of English who teach in Uzbek, as well as for translators.

The Middle English period (circa 1100–1500) represents a transformative phase in the development of the English language, particularly in the area of word formation. This article explores the primary morphological processes that characterized word building during this time, including affixation, compounding, borrowing, and analogical creation. The influence of Norman French and Latin significantly enriched the English lexicon and introduced new affixes and syntactic patterns. Native word-building strategies evolved in response to sociolinguistic changes, such as increased literacy, urbanization, and institutional growth. Through detailed analysis of linguistic examples, this study highlights how Middle English served as a crucial bridge between Old English and the more flexible, expansive lexicon of Modern English. The findings underscore the dynamic interplay between internal linguistic innovation and external cultural contact in shaping English word formation practices.

This article presents the scientific and theoretical definitions given by economists to the concepts of “economic growth” and “economic potential” and their comparative analysis, as well as the importance of regional potential in ensuring sustainable economic development and economic growth. It highlights the main elements of economics growth and the categorization of the economic potential and the possibility of its use. The directions of strategic management are explained.

This article examines the impact of current global economic fluctuations on food security in Uzbekistan, along with preventive and mitigation measures. The research analyzes how these fluctuations affect the socio-economic situation of the country and explores ways to address their consequences.

Proverbs represent the collective wisdom, cultural norms, and linguistic features of a language community. Translating proverbs from English into Uzbek is a complex task that goes beyond linguistic equivalence. This article aims to identify and analyze the major challenges faced during the translation process, focusing on cultural, linguistic, and semantic aspects. The study highlights the necessity of cultural sensitivity and interpretative flexibility when dealing with proverb translation.

This study explores the role and significance of theatricalization in the formation and development of mass celebrations and performances. It analyzes the impact of theatrical mechanisms – such as dramaturgy, directing, acting skills, scenography, and music – on the success of public events. The research also examines the specific features of applying theatricalization in mass events, considering characteristics like interactivity, large numbers of participants, and the vastness of venues. Through examples of the historical development and contemporary trends of various mass celebrations and performances, the study reveals the role of theatricalization in organizing and conducting such events. This abstract is intended for professionals involved in organizing public celebrations and performances, art scholars, and a broad audience interested in the topic.

This article explores the most effective artificial intelligence (AI) technologies used to enhance student engagement in English language learning. With the increasing integration of digital tools in education, AI-powered applications such as intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, chatbots, and speech recognition tools have shown significant promise in fostering interaction, personalization, and motivation among learners. This paper reviews current literature, identifies leading AI technologies, and evaluates their impact on classroom engagement through both qualitative and quantitative studies.

This article describes the rational use of digital technologies in lecture lessons and their effectiveness.

Green investments are becoming increasingly important in the context of the global transition to a sustainable economy, but their effectiveness remains questionable due to the associated risks. This article provides a qualitative analysis of the prospects and risks of green investments based on a review of academic literature, reports from international organizations, and financial data. The results show a steady increase in investments and green bond returns, but reveal problems of market volatility, technological uncertainty, and “greenwashing”.

This article demonstrates how the interaction between world nations has had an impact on various fields, including the field of language. It highlights the significant aspects of how words enter society based on extralinguistic factors and how these words are adapted to the linguistic factors of the language, specifically morphological and semantic aspects. In this process, both the similarities and differences are also discussed. Clear and precise examples have been provided for all the presented ideas.

This article provides an overview of mathematical models used to study human attention and memory processes. Attention processes are analyzed through Signal Detection Theory (SDT) and resource allocation models, while memory processes are examined using Markov models and exponential forgetting curve models. The article discusses the mathematical foundations of these models, their importance in psychological research, and practical applications. It also explores integration opportunities in education, clinical psychology, and artificial intelligence. The article highlights the interdisciplinary connection between psychology and mathematics.