Information technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), are creating new opportunities in the field of education by making the educational process more effective and personalized. This article analyzes the role and impact of artificial intelligence in education (AIED). The introduction of AI technologies in education provides opportunities to improve learning, support students and teachers, and optimize various educational activities. Prominent educational platforms such as Khan Academy and Duolingo use AI systems to deliver personalized learning experiences. Companies like iFlyTek in China are using AI for exam grading. The article also presents research and approaches implemented in the AIED field, along with statistical data demonstrating the effectiveness and positive impact of AI on education, such as improved test results and reduced anxiety. Additionally, the article reviews existing research and methodologies, highlighting emerging areas for further investigation. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of applying AI in education and its potential to transform the educational sector.

This comprehensive review examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in optimizing orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning processes. The increasing complexity of contemporary orthodontic practice, coupled with advances in computational capabilities, has created unprecedented opportunities for algorithm-assisted clinical decision-making. This article systematically analyzes various AI methodologies—machine learning, deep learning, and expert systems—and their specific applications within orthodontic diagnostic and treatment planning workflows. Through critical evaluation of current evidence and emerging technologies, this review identifies both the transformative potential and limitations of AI integration in clinical orthodontics. The synthesis demonstrates that algorithmic approaches can enhance diagnostic precision, treatment planning efficiency, and outcome predictability while complementing rather than replacing clinical expertise.

This article analyzes the role of higher education institutions in the framework of the requirements of innovative development, their development trends through past and current modern models, and the integration of education, science and production based on an integrated approach. New opportunities arising as a result of the integration of universities with innovation centers, startup incubators and technoparks are considered. Also, practical recommendations are developed to strengthen the innovative activities of national universities based on the reforms observed in the higher education system of Uzbekistan and global trends.

article examines the lexical and semantic properties of time-denoting lexemes associated with the seasons of the year, which were used in the ancient Turkic language period, in some modern Turkic languages.

This article examines foreign experiences in identifying factors affecting the level of poverty from a theoretical and practical perspective, and provides recommendations on the application of classical economists' theoretical views on the factors that cause poverty, its impact on the economy, its elimination, and their aspects suitable for the conditions of Uzbekistan.

In this article, it was determined that the onomastic (personal) names cited by the author in Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's work "Boburnoma", in particular, the names of historical figures associated with the Arabic attributes of Allah, amount to more than 200, and some of them were analyzed from a linguistic point of view, lexical-semantic and grammatical aspects.

social media, such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, are causing language changes, leading to the emergence of new lexical units, expressions and communication styles. This process, on the one hand, accelerates the evolution of language, on the other hand, affects cultural and social contexts. The impact of digital communication on language, including the process of acquisition and the development of creative language, is also considered.

This article scientifically and theoretically studies the concept of marriage in Islamic law, the legal grounds for the dissolution of marriage, various legal grounds for the dissolution of marriage, issues of iddah, situations in which divorce may occur between husband and wife, such as khulu', ila', zihar, and mula'ana. At the same time, issues related to the dissolution of marriage are analyzed based on the sources of Islamic law.

This article analyzes human behavior and its symbols in animal language in parables. Parables are an important part of oral folklore, in which human nature, character, and relationships are reflected through animals. Animal images often serve as a means of illuminating spiritual lessons, moral values, and social problems. The article examines animal symbols, how they represent human behavior in a psychological and social context, and the educational value of parables. It also provides information about the traditional image, customs, and philosophy of life of our people through the images of various animals and their symbols. The article helps readers see parables from a new perspective by deeply studying the issue of human behavior in animal language.

The article analyzes the process of liberalization of the Uzbek foreign exchange market, which began in 2017 and continued in 2023-2024. Key achievements such as a decrease in the share of the dollar in foreign trade calculations, an increase in foreign currency inflows and an improvement in macroeconomic stability are considered. At the same time, risks have been identified, including exchange rate volatility, declining gold and foreign exchange reserves, and limited liquidity in the banking system. Based on the analysis, recommendations are proposed for further improvement of monetary policy.

This article examines various methods that serve the development of logical thinking within pedagogical activities. In contemporary education, fostering logical thinking in students is crucial for their academic success and overall cognitive development. The article explores effective teaching strategies and methodologies that help enhance students' reasoning skills and critical analysis.

The article is dedicated to the issues of improving investment and innovation strategies in the leather and fur industry. It provides comprehensive proposals for attracting investments, efficiently managing financial resources, introducing modern technologies, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing research and development activities. Additionally, strategies for enhancing the industry's competitiveness through meeting global market demands, digitalization, automation, and expanding international cooperation are discussed. The article offers practical approaches aimed at the sustainable development of the leather and fur industry in both local and international markets.

This article explores the scientific and theoretical foundations of using pedagogical technologies to enhance the professional competence of future educators. It analyzes the role of innovative teaching methods and modern educational technologies in improving the skills, knowledge, and professional readiness of trainee teachers. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating pedagogical technologies into teacher training programs to develop effective pedagogical abilities and adapt to contemporary educational demands. Theoretical frameworks and practical approaches are examined to highlight how these technologies contribute to professional growth and improve educational outcomes.

Over the past decade, while artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed numerous industries, the construction sector has been slow to adopt these advancements. However, the rise of sophisticated large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI’s GPT, Google’s PaLM, and Meta’s Llama has demonstrated significant potential, sparking widespread global interest. Despite this surge, there remains a lack of research specifically examining the opportunities and challenges of integrating Generative AI (GenAI) within the construction industry, resulting in a crucial knowledge gap for both researchers and practitioners. Addressing this gap is essential to effectively leveraging GenAI during its early adoption phase in construction. Given GenAI’s remarkable ability to generate human-like content by learning from existing data, this study explores two key questions: What does the future hold for GenAI in the construction industry? What are the potential opportunities and challenges associated with its implementation? To answer these questions, the study conducts a literature review, assesses industry perspectives using programming-based word cloud and frequency analysis, and incorporates the authors’ insights. Additionally, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for GenAI implementation, offers practical recommendations, highlights future research directions, and establishes a foundational knowledge base to support further exploration of GenAI in construction, architecture, and engineering disciplines.

This article explores the linguocultural aspects of aphorisms in typologically different languages, focusing on how cultural, historical, and linguistic factors shape their formation and interpretation. Aphorisms, as concise expressions of universal truths, often reflect the worldview and values of a particular linguistic community. By comparing examples from various language systems, the study reveals the unique cognitive and cultural mechanisms involved in aphorism creation and usage. The analysis highlights the role of national mentality, metaphoric thinking, and syntactic structure in the expression of wisdom through aphoristic forms.

This article explores the concept of a manager, delving into the essence and classification of their personal and professional characteristics. It outlines the multifaceted roles and responsibilities of managers within organizations, emphasizing their importance in decision-making, team leadership, and strategic planning. The article categorizes managers into hierarchical levels (lower, middle, and upper) and discusses their functions, leadership styles, and the evolving nature of managerial roles in modern organizations. Additionally, it examines various leadership styles—authoritarian, democratic, and liberal—highlighting their impact on organizational efficiency and employee relations.

This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of organizing the educational process by taking into account students’ individual characteristics. In particular, it explores ways to enhance students’ engagement and effectiveness in learning based on a deep understanding of their interests, innate and acquired abilities, and current level of knowledge. The article includes not only theoretical perspectives but also results obtained through practical research and teachers' experiences. The advantages of an individual approach, challenges encountered in its implementation, and strategies for overcoming these difficulties are highlighted in detail.

This article is devoted to the study of the innovative potential of industrial enterprises in Uzbekistan and its efficiency. The study analyzes the level of development of innovative processes in the country's industry, technological innovations and their economic efficiency. The article considers the factors that hinder the innovative activity of enterprises, as well as ways to eliminate them. Emphasizing the importance of innovations in the economy of Uzbekistan, the possibilities of increasing the competitiveness of the industry through the use of foreign experience and advanced technologies are considered.

This study analyzes the scientific-theoretical foundations and practical approaches to teaching organic chemistry based on clinical examples. The research was conducted using the examples of Tashkent and Andijan State Medical Academies, employing interactive methods such as laboratory work, role-playing games, multimedia presentations, quizzes, and reflective sessions to integrate science and clinical practice. The results demonstrate that classes based on clinical examples enhance students’ knowledge, foster clinical thinking, and develop professional competencies. Interactive methods strengthen the motivational environment of the learning process, enabling students to gain a deeper understanding of the connection between chemistry and its clinical applications. Statistical analysis confirmed the superiority of integrated teaching models over traditional methods. The article underscores the importance of implementing integrative approaches in medical education.

In this article, the issues of communicative competence, the development of professional competence of future teachers, the unity of the three interrelated communicative, interactive and perceptual components in communication, the teacher's professional communicative competence, communicative self-improvement, higher pedagogy training sessions.

Successful organization of family life is one of the important factors contributing to the sustainable development of society. From this perspective, the psychological preparation of girls for family life, the formation of their personality, and the level of understanding of cultural and spiritual values are of particular importance. This article discusses the social-psychological aspects of preparing girls for family life.

According to this article, one of the most reliable real-world applications of the ideas of social capital and social trust in contemporary social philosophy is the Finnish model.  It becomes clear how pertinent it is to analyse this paradigm within the context of social philosophy, particularly in light of the evolution of contemporary postcolonial cultures.

This article explores effective methodological approaches for teaching Russian to the learners living in Uzbekistan at universities. As Russian remains a significant second language in Uzbekistan due to historical and practical reasons, its instruction requires approaches tailored to the linguistic and cultural background of Uzbek students. This paper highlights key methodologies, including communicative, comparative, and culturally integrated strategies, with a focus on bilingual learners. The study draws on recent academic publications and reflects the practical needs of both teachers and students in a post-Soviet context.

This article discusses how Sayfiddin Qutuz, during the Battle of Ayn Jalut against the Mongols, united various strata of Egyptian society around a single epistemological goal—victory, which was not just military but a victory based on social unity and a conscious decision. From an epistemological perspective, the homeland is not only an emotional concept but an identity model formed based on knowledge.

This article discusses the digital economy and a number of digital technologies. Therefore, it is possible to have knowledge about modern digital technologies and what opportunities and threats they can pose to business ecosystems.

In the context of rapid digitalization in education, online assessment strategies have become integral in evaluating and fostering students’ communicative competence, particularly in foreign language education. This paper explores various types of online assessment methods—including formative, summative, peer, and self-assessments—used in digital learning environments. It investigates how these methods contribute to the development of students’ communicative skills, such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Based on both theoretical foundations and practical implementations, the paper demonstrates that well-structured online assessments promote interaction, feedback, self-reflection, and motivation—essential components for improving communicative competence. Challenges such as digital equity and assessment validity are also discussed, with recommendations for best practices in online language education.

This thesis is about cost management systems which play a crucial role in organizations by providing a structured approach to monitor, control, and optimize costs. These systems are researched to track and analyze expenses across various departments and activities, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and improve their financial performance. From a strategic perspective, cost management systems help organizations identify cost drivers, understand cost behavior, and allocate resources effectively. They also facilitate budgeting and forecasting processes, allowing businesses to set realistic financial targets and monitor their progress. When it comes to the importance of cost management systems, different stakeholders have varying perspectives. From the perspective of top management, these systems provide valuable insights into cost structures and help identify areas of inefficiency or waste. This enables management to take proactive measures to reduce costs, enhance profitability, and gain a competitive edge in the market. For finance departments, cost management systems streamline financial reporting and enable accurate cost allocation, ensuring compliance with accounting standards and

in this scientific work, on the basis of digital technologies, a methodology is improved aimed at developing professional competence of future primary school teachers. In particular, within the subject” Technology Education and its teaching methodology", digital tools, platforms, training programs and interactive approaches are analyzed. The research is aimed at improving the effectiveness of teaching pedagogical technologies on didactic and methodological grounds. This direction is based on the professional potential of teachers, their approach to problem situations and the increase in the ability to think creatively, through the practical implementation of modern technologies..

In the context of thesis, understanding Throughput Accounting can provide students with a competitive edge. It enables them to analyze business operations critically and propose strategies that can lead to better financial outcomes. By focusing on throughput, students learn to identify and eliminate bottlenecks, ensuring that resources are used most effectively to achieve maximum profitability

This article analyzes the forms, methods, and tools used to enrich the vocabulary of primary school students, as well as to develop their independent thinking and expressive speech skills. Within the framework of the new state educational standard, the teacher’s professional knowledge and methodological competence are considered essential factors. Through vocabulary-focused activities, students master literary language, activate passive vocabulary, and develop the ability to use words in accordance with language norms. Furthermore, the article explores the methodological foundations, practical forms, and scientific-research aspects of vocabulary development, presenting effective strategies used in this process.

This article explores the significance of foreign language proficiency as a vital element in the professional training of engineering specialists within the context of innovative development. It highlights the communicative functions of engineers in international settings, including interpreting technical documentation, participating in global projects and conferences, and conducting professional correspondence. The paper reviews current approaches to foreign language instruction in technical universities across Uzbekistan, with emphasis on integrating language education into core professional subjects, implementing project-based learning, and applying the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) methodology. Key challenges such as limited instructional hours and varying student language levels are discussed, alongside recommendations for improving language training through specialized courses, internships, and immersive environments. Particular attention is given to language competence as an integral part of engineers' soft skills framework.

This article highlights the role and importance of creative writing exercises in the development of the written speech of future teachers. Also, methodological approaches to the formation of written speech skills are analyzed using the example of creative tasks that can be used in practical exercises. The article recommends ways to develop speech culture through creative thinking, figurative expression, and response to problematic situations.

In this case, the history, formation, stages of development, development, and modern role of the Uzbek national wrestling is covered in this work. Fighting is the rich cultural heritage of our people, and also important as a means of physical education, as a national pride. Information on the main techniques of wrestling, ethical and normative rules, athletes, as well as the role of this sport in the education of the younger generation. The international struggle and development prospects are also discussed. This work is designed for athletes, coaches and national sports.

This article lists the main units of expressive syntax in linguistics. Language levels expressing syntactic expressiveness, including unusual combinations, their role in expressive syntax, and the fact that they are a means of increasing the linguopoetic value of an artistic text are explained. Examples of unusual combinations found in works of art are presented and their linguopoetic features are revealed. It is shown that syntactic structure features have a special place in the study of text construction of unusual combinations.

This article examines the possibilities of using gamification in the process of teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It is emphasized that gamification can serve to increase student participation in the learning process, increase motivation, and improve educational outcomes. The study analyzes the role of gamification elements in the context of ESP - scores, levels, badges, competitive environment - in ensuring active participation of students. The article also studies the impact of gamification based on practical experience, compares the results, and proposes effective gamification strategies adapted to ESP courses.

This article discusses the organization of storytelling lessons in primary school reading literacy based on the 4K model. These modern textbooks for primary grades are aimed at the comprehensive development of students, not only knowledge, but also the formation of skills necessary for easy adaptation to modern society. The use of modern teaching methods leads to high efficiency in the teaching process.

This article describes the main urgent problems of monetary policy, balancing interest rates, liquidity problems in the banking system, and ways to eliminate the problems, and analyzes them based on statistical data. The article also presents conclusions and proposals for eliminating and improving the current problems of monetary policy in Uzbekistan, countries that are currently facing the most urgent problems in monetary policy.

the article describes toponymic variability and other linguistic phenomena: synonymy, antonymy, homonymy and parallelism.

This article explores the role of marketing methods in enhancing the competitiveness of local manufacturers, particularly in the context of Uzbekistan’s evolving market economy. The study analyzes how strategic marketing approaches, such as market segmentation, digital marketing, and brand positioning, can improve market share and operational efficiency for local producers. Drawing on statistical data from Uzbekistan’s State Statistics Committee (2023), the research highlights that local manufacturers adopting digital marketing strategies experienced a 15% increase in sales revenue between 2020 and 2022. The article also examines global best practices, referencing studies by Kotler and Keller (2016) and Porter’s (1985) competitive advantage framework, to propose tailored marketing strategies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Challenges such as limited access to modern marketing tools and low consumer awareness are addressed, with recommendations for policy interventions and public-private partnerships. The findings underscore the importance of integrating innovative marketing techniques to strengthen the global and domestic competitiveness of local manufacturers.

The paper presents a comparative study of the clinical and economic effectiveness of hardware ileoanal anastomosis performed with a Johnson circular stapler in the surgical treatment of nonspecific ulcerative colitis (UC). The data of 100 patients included in the period 2015-2024 were analyzed: the main group - 35 patients operated on using a stapler , and the comparative group - 65 patients in whom the anastomosis was formed by hand suture. It was shown that the use of the device significantly reduced the duration of the operation (142 ± 5 versus 175 ± 6 min), decreased the volume of intraoperative blood loss (480 ± 20 versus 610 ± 25 ml) and reduced the incidence of postoperative complications (8.6% versus 26.2%; p < 0.05 ). The average hospital stay decreased to 9.3 ± 0.5 days versus 12.1 ± 0.6 days, and the total cost of treatment per patient decreased by approximately 10–12% (USD 2,950 ± 100 versus USD 3,300 ± 120). The results indicate that the stapler technique for ileoanal reservoir formation not only improves immediate surgical outcomes, but also provides significant economic benefits by reducing the length of hospital stay and reducing the costs of treating complications. Thus, the Johnson apparatus can be considered as a preferred method for radical interventions in patients with UC .

This article examines various methods and sources of financing investment activities, emphasizing the necessity of utilizing both domestic capital and foreign loans, as well as direct investments and all related sources, to implement investment policies in the country.  

This article discusses the names and functions of Jewish and Christian religious leaders as described in Ibn Khaldun’s “Muqaddima”. Although the “Muqaddima” is primarily considered a source on societal governance, it also contains information related to religious studies.

This article examines the critical role of marketing research in modern management, emphasizing its importance in informed decision-making and strategic planning. It explores how businesses leverage marketing research to understand consumer behavior, identify market trends, and enhance competitive advantage. Drawing on statistical data and global studies, the article highlights that companies utilizing marketing research effectively report a 20% higher success rate in product launches (Nielsen, 2023). The study integrates theoretical frameworks, such as Kotler’s marketing principles, and addresses challenges like data accuracy and resource constraints. Recommendations include adopting advanced analytics and fostering cross-functional collaboration to maximize the impact of marketing research.

This article discusses the concept of a modular approach, its importance in the educational process, and especially the theoretical and practical aspects of its application in mother tongue lessons. The modular approach is analyzed as an important tool for developing students' independent thinking, ensuring an individual approach, and improving the quality of education. The article also shows the effectiveness of this approach through the division of the lesson process into modules, assessment mechanisms, ways to increase student activity, and practical examples. This approach is considered an innovative method in mother tongue education.

This article investigates the role of enhancing the entrepreneurial potential of local communities in fostering domestic tourism development, with a focus on Uzbekistan’s tourism sector. It explores strategies such as capacity building, access to microfinance, and community-based tourism initiatives to empower local entrepreneurs. Statistical data from the Uzbekistan Ministry of Tourism and Cultural Heritage  indicates that regions with active community entrepreneurship programs saw a 25% increase in domestic tourist visits from 2021 to 2023. Drawing on global best practices and theoretical frameworks like Schumpeter’s entrepreneurship theory, the study addresses challenges such as limited skills and infrastructure. Recommendations include tailored training programs and public-private partnerships to boost local entrepreneurship and tourism growth.

Inclusive education has become a global priority, aiming to provide equitable learning opportunities for all students regardless of their abilities or disabilities. This article explores effective strategies for supporting students with special needs within mainstream classrooms, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, differentiated instruction, and a positive school culture. Drawing on current theoretical perspectives and practical examples, the study highlights ways educators can create an accessible, engaging, and supportive learning environment that fosters the academic and social development of all learners. Challenges such as teacher preparedness, resource allocation, and attitudinal barriers are also discussed, alongside recommendations for overcoming these obstacles. Ultimately, inclusive education benefits not only students with special needs but enriches the entire school community by promoting diversity, empathy, and mutual respect.

This article discusses the importance of using interactive methods in teaching chemistry as an effective way to organize the educational process, encourage students to participate actively, develop their creative and critical thinking skills, and help them understand the topics being studied more deeply. This article discusses the use of interactive methods in chemistry and the benefits they provide to students.

Ushbu maqolada Charlz Dikkensning “Rojdestvo qo‘shig‘i” asarining turli davrlardagi va ommaviy axborot vositalaridagi talqinlari tahlil qilinadi. Asardagi asosiy qahramon — Ebenizer Skruch obrazining o‘zgarishi orqali jamiyatning axloqiy qadriyatlari va ijtimoiy muammolarga munosabati qanday aks etgani ko‘rsatib beriladi. Maqolada teatr, kino, adabiyot va animatsiya vositasida yaratilgan moslashuvlar orqali asarning doimiy aktual mavzulari — tavba, hamdardlik va ijtimoiy mas’uliyat yoritiladi.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in orthodontics is a burgeoning field that promises to revolutionize dental care. AI's capacity for data analysis can enhance diagnostic precision, customize treatment plans, and predict treatment outcomes, potentially leading to more efficient and effective patient care. However, the adoption of AI in orthodontics also presents unique challenges, such as ensuring data privacy, managing the cost of technological implementation, and maintaining the irreplaceable human element in patient care. As research continues to delve into the capabilities and limitations of AI in this specialty, it is imperative for the orthodontic community to navigate these challenges thoughtfully. Embracing AI's potential while conscientiously addressing its obstacles can significantly contribute to the evolution of orthodontic practices and patient satisfaction.

This article explores the modern requirements for English language textbooks designed for B2 level learners according to the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). It outlines key criteria that contemporary textbooks should meet to ensure effective language acquisition. These include alignment with CEFR standards, the communicative approach, the integration of authentic materials, contextualized vocabulary and grammar instruction, digital tools, and the development of 21st-century skills. The article emphasizes the importance of learner-centered content, real-life communication tasks, cultural inclusivity, and systematic assessment. The goal is to highlight how modern textbooks can better prepare learners for academic, professional, and real-world communication in English. 

This article explores the distinctive linguistic features commonly associated with male speech within the framework of gendered language use. Drawing on sociolinguistic and pragmatic approaches, the study analyzes how men employ specific lexical, syntactic, and discourse-level markers to express identity, assert dominance, build solidarity, and manage social interactions. The research highlights common patterns such as directness, use of imperatives, minimal responses, taboo language, and competitive conversational styles. It also considers how contextual factors such as age, social status, and cultural norms influence linguistic behavior. By focusing on the linguistic markers in men’s discourse, the article contributes to the broader understanding of how gender roles are constructed and maintained through language in various communicative settings.

The article discusses issues related to the use of solar and wind installations as primary sources of energy, which make it possible to create completely autonomous power plants that provide guaranteed year-round coverage of electrical loads in various climatic conditions.

This article thoroughly examines the role and prospects of using robot judges and artificial intelligence in the judicial system. It discusses how robot judges can contribute to more efficient and rapid decision-making processes while minimizing human biases that may compromise fairness. However, the article also addresses the risks associated with these technologies, including potential errors, algorithmic uncertainties, a lack of human sensitivity, and issues of accountability. The article highlights the importance of carefully analyzing the legal, ethical, and social challenges inherent in the implementation of artificial intelligence in judicial processes. The author emphasizes that the activities of robot judges should not conflict with fundamental principles such as human rights, fairness, and the rule of law. At the same time, it is noted that these technologies can play a significant role in streamlining judicial processes, providing swift data analysis, and ensuring legal stability. In particular, the article examines foreign practices of employing robot judges and explores the prospects for integrating them into Uzbekistan’s judicial system. In conclusion, the article offers balanced insights into the opportunities and potential risks of using robot judges and artificial intelligence in the future of judicial analysis. It underlines the importance of establishing clear legal frameworks and implementing cautionary measures to ensure that these technologies serve justice effectively without undermining human rights and fundamental freedoms.

This article presents a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek colloquialisms, focusing on their semantic categories and structural patterns. It identifies recurring thematic clusters and investigates how colloquialisms in both languages reflect cultural values and societal norms. The study also explores the relationship between English colloquial univerbs and their corresponding expressions in Uzbek, highlighting instances where a single English word corresponds to a multi-word phrase, idiomatic expression, or descriptive paraphrase in Uzbek. This comparative approach offers insights into the unique characteristics of colloquial language in each linguistic and cultural context.

In an era shaped by the rapid advancement of digital technologies, states are increasingly turning to digital tools and platforms to reinforce their international roles and strategic alliances. This paper examines how national digital transformation initiatives contribute to the development and strengthening of strategic international partnerships. The article offers a theoretical overview, analyzes practical tools such as e-governance and digital diplomacy, and presents comparative examples from advanced and developing nations. Based on Uzbekistan’s experience, the paper proposes policy recommendations to effectively integrate digital mechanisms into international cooperation strategies.

The article examines the development of the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its adoption based on public discussion, and the participation of the people in the process of preparing and approving the new edition of the Constitution. Additionally, a theoretical and legal analysis of the philosophical and legal ideas enshrined in the updated Constitution and the implementation of constitutional and legal concepts in the lives of society and citizens is conducted.

The waste accumulated during the existence of the Angren and Novoangren thermal power plants is stored in two landfills located near the city of g Angren and Ahangaran and the Angren River and occupying 120 hectares of fertile land [1].

The use of such waste for economic purposes is still limited, including due to its toxicity. Dumps are constantly polluted, mobile forms of elements are actively washed out by precipitation, polluting the air, water and soil [2].

Gamification, the application of game elements in educational processes, has become a popular tool for increasing students’ interest in learning English. This article explores how game elements such as points, rewards, levels, and competitions can enhance students’ motivation and engagement. Based on an analysis of current approaches, the article examines the benefits of gamification, including increased learner motivation, improved participation and the creation of an engaging learning environment. The paper also addresses challenges associated with implementation, notably the demand for technological infrastructure and the need for adequate teacher training. The results show that gamification can significantly improve the language learning process if it is adapted to students’ needs. The conclusion offers recommendations for teachers and directions for further research.

This article analyzes the application of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics – Science, Technology, Engineering and mathematics) educational methodology in preschool educational organizations and its effectiveness. It is noted that through the STEM approach, children from an early age develop cognitive development, creativity, logical thinking, problem solving, and professional-oriented initial visions are formed. This methodology deepens children's perception of the environment through scientific observation, creating a solid foundation for them to master the sciences well in the future. Because STEM education is based on practical aspects, the child associates the knowledge they are learning with real life, which develops his ability to think independently and take an innovative approach.

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been rapidly entering the life of society. We can find information on the Internet about effective foreign examples of AI technologies, especially in medicine, education, employment, etc., which employ the largest number of citizens in the social sector. This article analyzes the role and importance of artificial intelligence technologies in the development of social spheres in Uzbekistan. It examines the possibilities, advantages, and existing problems of using AI technologies in the fields of healthcare, education, social protection, and public administration. By the author of Uzbekistan's “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030” and ‘Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence Technologies until 2030” and assesses the state of the existing infrastructure, human capital, and legal framework for the integration of AI. The article also addresses threats to the implementation of AI technologies, including infrastructure shortages, ethical and legal issues, algorithmic bias, and job losses. These risks are also highlighted. Additionally, the author provides a number of strategic recommendations for the effective implementation of AI in Uzbekistan.

There is a speech about some aspects of teaching students for making up a composition at the lessons of applied art. It is stated, the main aim of given work is a bringing up (nurture) of sense world’s beauty, love for the finest, stretching to the beauty of man soul.

This article discusses the role and importance of folklore in the stories of Shukur Kholmirzaev.

The article investigates the vital relevance of investing in many types of infrastructure—transportation, energy, hydraulic, digital, social, and urban—to drive economic growth.  Each section provides a detailed explanation of how infrastructure promotes economic development by increasing efficiency, productivity, connection, and social welfare.  The research is based on generally accepted economic concepts and includes insights from global development institutions such as the World Bank, IMF, and OECD.  The paper finishes by underlining the importance of comprehensive infrastructure investment in achieving long-term, inclusive growth.

This article is devoted to the issues of the application of methods and procedures in collecting audit evidence, in which the relevance of the use of methods and procedures in collecting evidence, the description of the methods and procedures used in this process, analytical procedures used in collecting audit evidence, methods of collecting evidence based on the auditor's logical approaches, distinctive aspects of audit evidence collection procedures and the procedure for performing evidence collection procedures are described based on the author's research. Also, the article examines a number of problems awaiting solution in the application of methods and procedures in collecting evidence, and formulates practical recommendations for their positive solution.

This article explores the representation of static space and the symbolic vision of the future in H. G. Wells’s seminal novella The Time Machine (1895). By interpreting the spatial and temporal dynamics through the lens of science fiction theory and literary symbolism, the study examines how Wells critiques Victorian society and envisions humanity’s ultimate fate. It focuses on how space is portrayed not just as a physical construct but as a static reflection of social stagnation and philosophical decay. Similarly, the future is not merely a chronological projection but a symbolic realm shaped by Wells's concerns about evolution, class struggle, and entropy. Through the use of allegory, metaphors, and narrative structure, Wells provides a chilling warning about the trajectory of civilization. The paper concludes that The Time Machine remains a powerful critique of industrial progress and human complacency.

This article explores the historical development and characteristics of slavery in Central Asia during the Middle Ages. It examines the economic, social, and political factors that contributed to the rise of slavery, as well as the roles and conditions of slaves in various parts of the region. The study also highlights the influence of external invasions, trade routes, and local governance on the expansion and regulation of slavery. By analyzing historical sources and scholarly research, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of how slavery was shaped and practiced in medieval Central Asian societies.

This article discusses the importance of composition in designing pattern elements, the laws of composition and how to create beautiful works of art from pattern elements by following them.

Modern educational systems require a rethinking of traditional approaches to teaching, shifting toward more interactive and practical methods that foster students' critical thinking and professional skills. This article explores innovative teaching strategies, such as gamification and the flipped classroom technique, which actively engage students in the learning process. One of the key aspects discussed is the effectiveness of these methods in preparing future speech therapy specialists. These approaches contribute not only to the development of professional competencies but also to the enhancement of communicative and cognitive skills.

The article also examines the use of neuro-exercises and logorhythmics as tools for improving students’ concentration and overall productivity. It emphasizes that the implementation of non-traditional teaching forms significantly increases the overall effectiveness of the educational process and helps students develop adaptability, creative thinking, and the ability to find independent solutions.

In addition to the aforementioned methods, the role of technology in modern education is highlighted. The use of digital platforms and tools, such as online courses, video lectures, and interactive applications, greatly expands access to educational resources and makes learning more flexible. Students can study materials at their own pace and convenience, which contributes to deeper knowledge acquisition.

The article also considers the importance of collaboration and project-based learning as essential components of the educational process. Working in groups on real-life cases, students not only develop teamwork skills but also learn to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. This creates opportunities for experience and idea exchange, enriching the overall learning experience.

The value of feedback should not be overlooked. Regular assessments and peer or instructor feedback help students adjust their approaches and actions, supporting their professional growth. The integration of formative assessment, as opposed to traditional summative assessment, enables a stronger focus on the learning process itself rather than solely on final outcomes.

Thus, rethinking traditional teaching approaches opens new horizons for shaping competent professionals. The use of interactive methods, technology, and collaboration creates a dynamic educational environment where each student has the opportunity to unlock their potential and prepare for the challenges of the modern world.

The article discusses the drawing of elements of pattern compositions intended for painting, carving on ganch and wood in arts and crafts classes, as well as the creation of exquisite works of art with their help.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida sun’iy intellekt (SI) sohasiga oid leksik birliklarning chog‘ishtirma tahlili keltirilgan. Zamonaviy texnologiyalarning jadal rivojlanishi natijasida sun’iy intellekt atrofida yuzaga kelayotgan yangi tushunchalar, terminlar va ularning milliy tillardagi ifoda vositalari tadqiq etilgan. Ingliz tilidagi SI leksikasi global texnologik taraqqiyotning bevosita mahsuli sifatida keng qo‘llanilib kelmoqda, o‘zbek tilida esa ushbu terminologiya ko‘proq tarjima va adaptatsiya asosida shakllanmoqda. Maqolada so‘z yasash modellari, semantik o‘xshashlik va farqlilik, terminlarning funksional-uslubiy xususiyatlari, shuningdek, ularning nutqdagi qo‘llanish chastotasi o‘rganilgan. Leksik birliklarning morfologik va sintaktik xususiyatlariga ham e’tibor qaratilib, ikki tilda sun’iy intellekt konseptining tilshunoslikdagi aks ettirilishi tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari sun’iy intellektga oid atamalarni standartlashtirish, ularni aniq va izchil qo‘llash bo‘yicha takliflar berishga xizmat qiladi.

The article describes the types of separable and non-separable joints that contribute to the formation and improvement of students' technological and polytechnical knowledge, as well as their fields of application.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the history of the formation of psycholinguistics, its main scientific areas, the complex interrelationship between language and thought, cognitive processes, speech activity, and neuropsychological foundations. Psychological factors in language learning, speech development, comprehension, and retention are analyzed. The relevance of psycholinguistics in the context of modern experimental methods and artificial intelligence is also considered.

This article provides an in-depth exploration of assessment criteria used in primary education and their effectiveness. The author analyzes various types of assessment, examines modern assessment approaches, and discusses their impact on student development. The article highlights the specific characteristics of formative and summative assessments, the advantages of rubrics and criteria-based evaluation, as well as the essential principles of effective assessment. The study presents conclusions on the effectiveness of the assessment process through a synthesis of theoretical and practical approaches.

Seronegative spondyloarthritides (SpA) represent a heterogeneous group of chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorders that primarily affect the axial skeleton, peripheral joints, and entheses. They are termed "seronegative" due to the absence of rheumatoid factor (RF) in the patient's serum. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical progression, diagnostic modalities, and modern treatment strategies of seronegative spondyloarthritis, with references to local medical sources and clinical experiences relevant to Uzbekistan.

History has its own laws. Every society, throughout its history, goes through the processes of birth, growth, culmination, and gradual decline. This process, characteristic of the development of human society, has several objective reasons. One of the reasons, or perhaps the first, is the stagnation of social thought. Based on our goal, below we want to reflect on the problem of society and social thinking.

 Given that clinical prognosis still exhibits significant variability and is challenging to predict, more and more studies have been conducted to explore the biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cervical cancer. A study has revealed that, compared to the younger group, elderly patients (≥65) with cervical squamous carcinoma have a higher frequency of gene mutations. Moreover, these mutations are considered potential prognostic markers in the old populations. The analysis of patients with cervical pathology showed that 67% of the 2 main groups of patients had a certain number of diseases with the term cervical erosion. It is known that cervical erosion is a disease that is very rare and indicates desquamation of the epithelium, in this case, etiotropic treatment is recommended instead of destructive treatment. Many patients were treated with various destructive methods without additional examination and without an accurate diagnosis.

This article explores the role of Uzbekistan’s automobile border customs posts in improving customs administration and enhancing the efficiency of their operations in facilitating foreign trade. The condition of the posts is analyzed, and the factors affecting their throughput capacity are examined. Scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations are provided, taking into account international best practices aimed at reducing congestion at border customs posts, preventing delays for individuals and vehicles, and accelerating logistics processes.

This article explores the anthropomorphic semantics of polysemantic English nouns. Anthropomorphism involves attributing human qualities to non-human entities, which significantly shapes the multiple related meanings of English nouns such as head, heart, and eye. The study analyzes these phenomena from linguistic and cognitive perspectives.

This article explores the digitalization process of Alisher Navoiy's legacy, highlighting the transition from ancient manuscripts to modern digital formats. It discusses the scientific and technological efforts behind this transformation and emphasizes the role of digitalization in popularizing Navoiy's works among the general public, especially the youth. The article also examines the global opportunities for studying Navoiy’s heritage through digital platforms.

This article analyzes the role and potential of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in foreign language teaching and journalism. AI-based applications, especially language learning platforms, translation tools, and text analyzers, are playing an important role in individualizing and increasing the efficiency of the educational process. In the field of journalism, AI is bringing revolutionary changes in processes such as automatic analysis of news, fact-checking, content creation, and adaptation to the target audience. The article also discusses the problems, ethical issues, and future prospects associated with these technologies.

This article explores the legacy of the great Uzbek poet and thinker Alisher Navoiy as seen by modern scholars. It examines academic perspectives from researchers across various countries on his works, including his contributions to Sufism, ethics, and literature. The paper also discusses how Navoiy’s literary heritage is currently being studied internationally and his role in the global literary canon.

This study investigated the relationship between hematological and biochemical blood parameters and aerobic capacity in young male and female athletes. The findings revealed a significant correlation between red blood cell parameters (RBC, hemoglobin [HGB], and hematocrit [HCT]) and key indicators of aerobic capacity, including VO₂max, anaerobic threshold (AP), and oxygen utilization efficiency (VO₂/YYQ). Additionally, it was observed that lower levels of urea, total bilirubin, and iron in the blood were associated with a higher heart rate at the anaerobic metabolism threshold.

The study underscores the importance of monitoring hematological and biochemical parameters to better understand and enhance athletic performance in young athletes, while also highlighting the need for gender-specific approaches in training and physiological assessment.

This article explores the relationship between improving the quality of educational services and increasing gross regional product, focusing on Uzbekistan’s regional economies. It examines how investments in education quality, such as teacher training, modern curricula, and digital learning tools, can enhance human capital, drive productivity, and boost economic output. Statistical data from official sources indicate that regions with higher education investments experienced significant GRP growth. Drawing on human capital theory and global case studies, the study addresses challenges like resource disparities and outdated infrastructure. Recommendations include public-private partnerships and targeted education reforms to maximize economic impact.

Irrigated gray soils have specific chemical and physical properties, and chalcophile elements play an important role in their composition. The biogeochemical properties of chalcophile elements in these soils are of great importance in the complex relationship between soil and plants, as well as in the ecological state of the soil. This article provides information on the natural distribution of chalcophile elements in irrigated gray soils, their biogeochemical properties, movement in the soil and their effect on plants.

This article examines the development of commercial banking through the adoption of innovative approaches, emphasizing the transformative role of information technologies, digital marketing, and novel financial products. It highlights the significance of innovation in enhancing banking efficiency, competitiveness, and service quality within Uzbekistan’s financial sector. Statistical data from the Uzbekistan Central Bank indicate that banks implementing digital innovations increased transaction volumes by 18% from 2020 to 2023. Grounded in innovation diffusion theory and supported by global and local case studies, the study addresses challenges such as regulatory constraints and technological adoption barriers. Recommendations include fostering public-private partnerships and investing in digital infrastructure to sustain banking innovation.

In a rapidly changing world, enterprises cannot sustain their operations by relying solely on traditional management systems. Across various countries, modern management approaches, styles, and models are being developed and implemented. Many of these have proven their effectiveness and are widely applied.

this article will focus on modern thoughts on working on tasks that develop the skills of understanding seen in primary education.

This article examines the significance of regional organizational mechanisms in enhancing gross regional product (GRP) within Uzbekistan’s regional economies. It explores how structured coordination, effective resource allocation, and strategic governance frameworks drive economic growth. Official data indicate that regions with robust organizational mechanisms achieved a 10% higher GRP growth compared to less coordinated regions from 2020 to 2023. Grounded in regional development theory and supported by case studies, the study addresses challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies and resource disparities. Recommendations include strengthening inter-agency collaboration and adopting digital governance tools to optimize regional economic performance.

This article explores the deep connection between J.R.R. Tolkien’s linguistic research and the creation of his Middle-earth legendarium. It examines how Tolkien’s early fascination with languages like Old English, Welsh, Finnish, and Gothic influenced his invented tongues and myth-making. Drawing on philological studies and the theoretical work of Owen Barfield, the article highlights language’s aesthetic, nominative, accumulative, and myth-creating functions in Tolkien’s work. It also situates Tolkien’s legendarium within the broader context of 20th-century fantasy literature and cultural studies, emphasizing the role of imagination in bridging ancient mythological consciousness and modern storytelling.

This article analyzes the role of Public Policy and its effectiveness in the process of transition to a green economy. The article examines the main directions of public policy in the development of the green economy, problems and solutions in ensuring the balance between economic, environmental and social factors. The study develops proposals to improve the effectiveness of Public Policy. The article is devoted to international experience and topical issues of the development of the green economy on the example of Uzbekistan.

 This article examines cultural integration in TESOL pedagogy, addressing how many programs treat culture as supplementary rather than fundamental. Using intercultural communication theories and research, it presents frameworks for creating culturally responsive classrooms, explores systematic integration across language skills, and offers practical implementation strategies for developing intercultural competence beyond linguistic proficiency.

In this article, the audit service is not only a global trend, but also an urgent necessity in the conditions of actively developing and complex economic relations. The purpose of this article is to identify the main problems of internal audit in Uzbekistan. The concept of internal audit accuracy provides conceptual tools for studying internal audit as a disciplinary mechanism in the context of corporate governance of modern organizations. The article develops the initial conceptual formula and internal audit, audit and control to enhance the rationality of economic activity and appropriate control measures.

This study analyzes sources that illuminate the social, political, and cultural life of the Bukhara Emirate during the reign of Amir Nasrullah (1860-1885). Amir Nasrullah, in his policy, sought to preserve the independence of the Bukhara Emirate, while simultaneously introducing elements of modernization.

The article examines the role and importance of modern technologies in increasing students' motivation in learning foreign languages. Various technologies (gaming, virtual reality, interactive resources, etc.) used to arouse students' interest in the educational process and increase their activity are analyzed. The article also discusses the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the correct use of technologies, methods of their effective integration into the lesson process. Based on the results obtained, practical recommendations are given for foreign language teachers and methodologists.

The article is devoted to the study of the precedent phenomenon in modern linguistics, particularly examining the scholarly perspectives of various linguists on precedent phenomena in English linguistics. In global linguistics, the study of thought and the formation, preservation, and functions of speech from different angles has become a distinct tradition, with cognitive-conceptual and linguocultural approaches holding particular significance. In this regard, the concept of precedents and their application in discourse, reflecting the national aspects of an individual’s worldview, occupies a specific place.

This article explores the methodological foundations necessary for the formation of functional literacy among students in Uzbek language lessons. The paper emphasizes the importance of functional literacy as a key competency in the modern educational process, focusing on the integration of communicative, cognitive, and pragmatic skills through language instruction. The study presents modern pedagogical approaches and strategies that help develop students’ ability to apply language knowledge in real-life situations.

The article deals with the goals and objectives, role and place of media education in the modern world, its main directions, as well as the essence of the theory of “dialog of cultures” of M.M. Bakhtin - V.S. Bibler and its significance for the development of media education. The author notes positive and negative trends of globalization process in relation to media and media education.

This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of modern educational approaches in teaching the subject of technical drawing. It analyzes the role and significance of innovative pedagogical technologies, digital tools, and interactive methods in organizing effective drawing lessons. In particular, it discusses visualization, modeling, opportunities of distance and blended learning, and the integration of the STEAM approach with technical drawing. The research results demonstrate the effectiveness of modern approaches in developing students’ spatial imagination, engineering thinking, and practical skills. The article offers valuable theoretical insights and practical recommendations for educators, instructors of engineering graphics, and education methodologists.

The use of digital programming and design in the educational process is an important tool for developing creativity. Today, technologies provide opportunities to enhance students' creative thinking skills by introducing innovative approaches into the learning process [27]. In this regard, programs such as Lego Digital Designer and Scratch are among the most effective tools, as they help students not only acquire technical knowledge but also develop creative approaches.

The article discusses the political activity of the Great Leader Heydar Aliyev in literature, science and the work he did on the development of literature. At the same time, his policy on folklore and literature was revealed. The speeches and reports made by the outstanding statesman Heydar Aliyev at the 10th Congress of Writers, the 3rd Congress of Writers of the Turkic World, and at jubilee events were evaluated as a means of serving the people as part of literary education and became an occasion for the further flourishing of Azerbaijani literature. At the same time, a new idea was put forward in the 1990s that the works written during the Soviet period were valuable for literature

This paper analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical applications of positional and metric problems. It focuses on improving the content of methodological recommendations through a comparative study of existing approaches and the development of more efficient algorithms. Practical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed improvements in real-world scenarios.

 This study explores the influence of interactive technology on the effectiveness of language acquisition among students in various learning settings. The research targets instruments such as language learning apps, online platforms, gamified platforms, and artificial intelligence-powered chatbots, pointing out how they contribute to student engagement, motivation, and success. In the process of qualitative and quantitative analysis of data, the article discovers how interactive technology makes learning more personalized and interactive. The results reveal that students who employ interactive tools demonstrate increased language retention, faster learning of grammar and vocabulary, and improved communication abilities. The study also addresses such concerns as digital literacy disparities and technology limitations. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence in support of the implementation of digital innovation in language instruction. In conclusion, this study determines that if applied successfully, interactive technology is capable of extensively enhancing language learning efficiency and facilitating more general goals in education.

This article analyzes the emergence of new words in the Uzbek language, their structure, semantic aspects, and areas of application. It examines the growth of lexical richness in language development and highlights modern methods of word formation—such as affixation, abbreviations, translation-based words, and terms created through folk creativity—with examples.

This article extensively covers the main properties of a cone, one of the spatial geometric shapes, in particular, methods for determining its surface area and volume. The article explains the geometric structure of a cone, the origin of its formula, mathematical approaches to calculating its surface area and volume, as well as practical examples. Knowledge about the cone is important in such disciplines as physics, engineering, and architecture, and this article can be a useful guide for students studying in these fields.

This study investigates the comparative effectiveness of teacher-only assessment versus a combined teacher and student self-assessment approach in improving English writing proficiency among university students in southern Thailand. Utilizing a quasi-experimental sequential explanatory design, the research also examines student perspectives on the implementation of each method. Findings highlight the significance of formative, process-based writing instruction and the critical role of timely feedback—both from teachers and through self-assessment—in fostering student autonomy, accuracy, and engagement in academic writing.

In this article, I will discuss the number of people who speak Russian in the world and the potential for teaching Russian in schools. I have given examples of the widespread promotion of Russian as a subject in kindergartens, schools, colleges and even higher education institutions.

The interconnection of monetary policy and budgetary policy plays an important role in the management of the economy. Both are aimed at ensuring economic stability, growth and inflation control, which will only give the expected positive results if conducted together and in a coordinated manner. Each of them has its own tools and mechanisms, but in terms of purpose they complement each other. This article provides detailed feedback and insights into the interrelationships of monetary and budgetary policies.

This article is mainly about the peculiarities of speech production and its influence on the listener. Most often communication is interconnection between the speaker and the listener. The ability of the speaker to deliver the information plays an important role in successful communication. Confidence, accuracy, cohesion are important part of every communication.

Volumetric solutions of Oasis and residential and hostel geliouys in the territory of Uzbekistan have been developed for them. solar devices that provide heating and Heat have been developed and implemented .Passive or mixed heliosystems should be used for geliouys in desert areas. Architectural and architectural solutions of these buildings envisage a compact type of construction. The Helio heat supply of various types of residential buildings makes it possible to solve the problem of providing energy in the mountainous and mountainous regions of Central Asia, for example, where there are no private fuel resources, these areas are located far from the main fuel bases of the country. Volumetric solutions of Oasis and residential and hostel geliouys in the territory of Uzbekistan have been developed for them. solar devices that provide heating and Heat have been developed and implemented . Gelio with heat in sunny houses in Oasis areas

This article describes an integrated pest management method against the raspberry bud moth (Schreckenstenia festaliella). The pheromone trap is a device equipped with a lure that contains a pheromone dispenser in the form of a rubber capsule treated with a mixture of attractant substances. The study presents the results of using pheromone traps to monitor the raspberry moth population under open field conditions.

This article highlights the activities of National Human Rights Institutions, in particular, the role of the representative for the protection of the rights of entrepreneurs under the President (Business ombudsman) in the protection of the rights and interests of business entities.

This article examines the impact of drip irrigation on corn production in medium soil types, emphasizing water efficiency, yield improvements, and economic benefits. By delivering water directly to the root zone, drip irrigation minimizes waste and maximizes crop response, especially in loamy soils that balance moisture retention and drainage. The article also discusses the integration of fertigation, reduction of weed and disease incidence, and challenges associated with adoption. Based on case studies and global research, drip irrigation demonstrates significant promise for sustainable and profitable corn cultivation.

Nowadays, teaching a foreign language to students has come a long way since its early days  necessitating a lot of skills together with innovative approaches. So, modern teachers are investigating through different methodologies to facilitate learning process emphasizing organic exposure to authentic materials over rote memorization. As a result, educators are giving precedence to CLT( Communicative language teaching) to advance its effectiveness mainly due to a wide range of benefits it offers to learners. Especially, among  four fundamental language skills listening is often argued as the most challenging because it deals with both top-down and bottom-up processing. As a consequence the introduction of CLT in teaching receptive skills like listening is gaining worldwide attention though it is a comparatively  new phenomenon. This article highlights the implementation of CLT in developing listening comprehension  skills effectively in ESL classroom through different strategies and techniques.

This article analyzes the implementation of green energy initiatives in Uzbekistan, focusing on the development trends of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biogas. It examines the economic and technological opportunities and challenges associated with introducing these sources. The study also explores the country's energy policy aimed at ensuring ecological sustainability, enhancing energy security, and fulfilling international commitments. Furthermore, the article provides recommendations for expanding green energy infrastructure in the future.

International letters of credit (LCs) remain one of the most secure and widely used instruments in global trade finance. This article explores the current status of commercial banks in facilitating international LCs, focusing on their role, operational dynamics, compliance requirements, and the challenges they face in today’s complex and regulated global financial environment. The paper also examines the impact of digitalization and international banking standards on the effectiveness of LC operations. Through analytical insights and global case studies, the article concludes with key recommendations to improve LC service efficiency and mitigate risks for commercial banks.

This article outlines the clinical signs, diagnostics, and prevention of nodular dermatitis in cattle, a disease that has been poorly studied by our scientists in Uzbekistan and is currently a pressing problem.

This article analyzes mythical characters found in folk tales and their interpretation in modern short stories. The artistic expression of mythological and folklore elements is examined based on Khurshid Dustmuhammad’s short story «Jajman». Through the characters such as Khurmacha Polvon, Kholpolvon, and Pufakvoy, the paper explores archetypes embedded in the collective consciousness of the people.

This article explores the invaluable importance of water in human life and its unique characteristics. The biological, physiological, and ecological significance of water, its role in life processes in the human body, as well as the main aspects of water use in everyday life, are considered. The article analyzes the chemical and physical properties of water, including solubility, heat capacity, surface tension, and others. Issues of water pollution and its consequences, protection and rational use of water resources are also covered. The article is aimed at increasing the understanding of the importance of water for human life and the environment.

this article will analyze effective methods of involving the younger generation in sports, the importance of sports in their lives and their role in physical and spiritual education. Strengthening sports promotion through school, neighborhood and media, and improving the availability and access to sports facilities are considered as important factors. It is also emphasized that family support, motivation and the example of leading athletes play an important role in the involvement of young people in sports. The article reflects on the role of sports in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among young people and the creation of a healthy society in the future.