The process of acquiring two languages in early childhood is a biologically grounded phenomenon, engaging various regions of the young brain. This article explores the underlying neurobiological and cognitive systems that facilitate early bilingualism, with particular attention to neural adaptability, sensitive developmental periods, and cognitive control mechanisms. Evidence from brain imaging and long-term studies suggests that bilingual children undergo unique neural changes and demonstrate enhanced mental flexibility. These insights indicate that bilingualism is not solely a product of social or educational exposure, but also a reflection of the brain’s natural capacity for multilingual processing. A deeper understanding of these biological underpinnings holds considerable value for shaping educational strategies and informing cognitive neuroscience.

Bilingual Development, Brain Plasticity, Critical Period, Cognitive Control, Child Language Learning, Language and Brain, Dual Language Acquisition.

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