this article explores the distinctive properties of thin films compared to bulk materials, focusing on dimensional effects that alter their behavior. It discusses how surface area, near-surface atoms, and surface tension impact physicochemical properties. Additionally, it highlights phenomena like decreased melting points and heightened strength in thin films, offering insights into their synthesis and potential applications.

Thin films, dimensional effects, substructural effects, surface area, near-surface atoms, uncompensated bonds, surface tension, physical phenomena, quantum effects, melting point, disordered structure, metastable phases, nonequilibrium deposition, chemical equilibrium, polycrystalline films, grain size, crystallite size, material synthesis.

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