This study investigates the adsorption properties of activated carbon derived from fruit pit waste, specifically walnut, apricot, and peach pits. Activation was conducted at 800–850°C using both thermal and thermochemical methods, including steam treatment and chemical agents such as 10% ZnCl₂ and H₂SO₄ solutions. Benzene vapor was used as the adsorbate to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of the produced carbon adsorbents. Key parameters such as monolayer capacity (αₘ), saturation volume (Vs), specific surface area (S), micropore volume (W₀), and mesopore volume (Wme) were calculated using BET theory and micropore volume filling equations.

The results revealed that thermochemical activation significantly enhances the structural and adsorption characteristics compared to thermal activation. For instance, FC-WP-136 showed a 3.2-fold increase in pore volume under thermochemical conditions, with surface area reaching up to 1397.11 m²/g. Adsorption isotherms were classified as Type I, indicating microporous structures with high initial benzene uptake. The average pore radius was found to decrease with increased microporosity.

These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing agricultural waste as a raw material for producing high-performance, selective carbon adsorbents. The study supports the development of cost-effective, import-substituting technologies for environmental purification and industrial applications.

Activated carbon, Fruit pit waste, Thermochemical activation, Benzene adsorption, Specific surface area, Micropore structure, BET analysis.

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