Operational risk remains a significant concern in the investment operations of commercial banks globally. This paper explores international experiments and methodologies in operational risk assessment related to investment activities. By analyzing case studies from leading economies and financial institutions, we identify emerging best practices and challenges. The findings highlight the growing importance of integrated frameworks that combine regulatory compliance, data analytics, and ESG considerations in modern risk management strategies.

operational risk, investment activities, commercial banks, Basel III, risk assessment models, international banking, ESG risk, AI in banking.

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