Montmorillonite group minerals, which belong to the smectite family, are layered silicates known for their high cation-exchange capacity, swelling ability, and adsorption properties. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of their crystal structure, chemical composition, and physicochemical characteristics. It also explores the practical applications of montmorillonite in catalysis, environmental remediation, pharmaceuticals, and nanocomposite materials. Special attention is given to their modification through intercalation, acid activation, and ion exchange to enhance their functionality.

montmorillonite, smectite, structure, adsorption, cation exchange, clay minerals, intercalation

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