Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital malformations resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryogenesis, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in newborns. This article explores the occurrence and pathological anatomy of NTDs, including anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele, with a focus on their epidemiology, histopathological features, and associated anomalies. Globally, NTDs affect approximately 1–2 per 1,000 live births, with regional variations linked to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and folate deficiency, which increases risk by 2–10-fold. The study analyzes autopsy data from 150 newborns with NTDs, detailing gross and microscopic findings such as defective neural tissue, spinal cord dysraphism, and secondary hydrocephalus in 60% of cases. The article highlights the role of histopathological analysis in understanding NTD severity and informs clinical strategies, including folate supplementation, which reduces incidence by 50–70%, and surgical interventions, effective in 80% of spina bifida cases. By addressing these aspects, this study aims to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and management of NTDs, reducing their global burden and improving neonatal outcomes.

Neural tube defects, newborns, pathological anatomy, anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele, epidemiology, histopathology, folate deficiency, prenatal screening, congenital malformations, autopsy, risk factors, prevention, surgical intervention

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