This article examines the multifaceted influence of the Ottoman Turks on the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with particular emphasis on political, diplomatic, cultural, and religious dimensions. Through an analysis of archival documents, diplomatic correspondence, trade records, and contemporary accounts, the study elucidates the ways in which the Ottoman Empire projected influence into Central Asia, reinforcing Islamic identity, supporting administrative and educational reforms, and facilitating transregional networks. The research highlights the reciprocal nature of these interactions, demonstrating how Central Asian khanates selectively adapted Ottoman models to their local contexts while negotiating autonomy under the pressures of Russian expansion. By situating these relations within broader geopolitical and socio-cultural frameworks, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the historical processes that shaped the development of Central Asian polities and their enduring engagement with the Ottoman world.

Ottoman empire, central asia, bukhara, khiva, kokand, diplomatic relations, cultural influence, political agency, islamic identity

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