This article presents a detailed analysis of two advanced problems located at the intersection of mathematical analysis and linear algebra. The first problem,demonstrates the integration of a logarithmic function with a rational expression, solved using series expansion techniques. The second problem involves the integration of a matrix-valued cosine function under the Gaussian kernel, offering an approach to operator-valued functions and matrix analysis. Both problems are designed to enhance students’ theoretical knowledge, logical reasoning, and familiarity with competition-level mathematical problem-solving. The article serves as a methodological guide for gifted learners aiming to deepen their understanding of advanced mathematical concepts.

Russian folk tales are rich in symbolic imagery, where color often functions as a key code that shapes the audience’s understanding of characters, events, and moral lessons. In traditional oral storytelling, color descriptors are rarely ornamental; rather, they serve as condensed symbols of broader cultural meanings. Through repeated use, certain colors become associated with particular moral, social, or cosmic concepts, and these associations often intersect with gender representation. In Russian folk narratives, male and female characters are frequently depicted with distinct color schemes, and these color choices are rarely accidental.

This article highlights the importance of analyzing the problems encountered in the design of worm gears and proposing appropriate solutions to improve the reliability of manufactured machines.

It also emphasizes the significance of developing highly effective proposals based on innovative approaches to ensure the production of high-quality and reliable machines

The article reveals the content of the ever-increasing role of the Caucasus-Caspian region in global geopolitical and geoeconomic processes in the Middle Ages. It provides a detailed study of the military and political events occurring during this period and reveals the struggle of the main rival forces to establish their control over the main trade routes stretching from Europe and China, India and Central Asia. In this connection, the extremely important military-strategic and economic significance of one of the main branches of the Great Silk Road is demonstrated – the famous Caspian Route, which ran along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which became famous back in ancient times.

The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.

This article analyzes Azerbaijan's position as a regional power and its geopolitical strategies in the post-Soviet space. Azerbaijan's strategic location, rich energy resources, and developing transit infrastructure are identified as key factors enhancing its regional influence. The country's multi-vector foreign policy—particularly its balanced relations with Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Western states—is examined as a critical element in strengthening its regional standing. Complex regional conflicts, especially the Karabakh conflict, are highlighted for their role in shaping Azerbaijan’s security and diplomatic strategies. The article thoroughly assesses the political, humanitarian, and security impacts of the Karabakh conflict and emphasizes the significance of new geopolitical realities that emerged after the Second Karabakh War in 2020, such as the opening of the Zangezur Corridor as a strategic transit route. It also addresses the challenges and risks Azerbaijan faces in asserting itself as a regional power. The study underlines the importance of pursuing multi-dimensional diplomacy, a balanced foreign policy, economic diversification, innovation, and social development. Recommendations include deepening regional integration, modernizing energy and transport sectors, resolving conflicts peacefully, and expanding security cooperation. This article offers valuable academic and practical insights into Azerbaijan’s evolving role in the dynamic geopolitical landscape of the post-Soviet region.

This article presents the issues of the necessity, importance, specific features and effective use of artificial intelligence technologies in the formation of innovative infrastructures in regions. It also substantiates the possibility of applying proposals and recommendations on the effective use of artificial intelligence technologies in the formation of innovative infrastructures in regions.

The article covers the importance of commodity policy and assortment in domestic industrial enterprises, the role of identifying low-profit goods in the assortment and optimizing production costs by improving commodity policy.

This article analyzes the processes of formation of the green economy concept in Uzbekistan, its scientific and theoretical foundations, and directions of practical implementation. The main principles of the green economy are the rational use of natural resources, ensuring environmental sustainability, increasing social well-being, and stimulating economic growth. The article also separately examines the factors driving the development of a green economy on a global scale, including climate change, resource constraints, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

In the article, sustainable development marketing is not only vital, but also necessary and is the only way forward. research

This article analyzes the role and importance of innovative projects in improving the marketing activities of industrial enterprises. The impact of modern marketing strategies, digital technologies, artificial intelligence, Big Data, blockchain, and other innovative approaches on industrial enterprises will be studied. Methods for increasing competitiveness and establishing effective communication with clients through the implementation of innovative projects are also highlighted.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains one of the major causes of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in individuals already infected with HBV leads to coinfection or superinfection, which significantly worsens the clinical outcome. This study reviews clinical and microbiological characteristics of HBV/HDV coinfection with a focus on available epidemiological data from Uzbekistan. The aim is to highlight virological interactions, disease progression, and implications for diagnosis and prevention.

This article provides information about book reading, as well as the fact that a person can deeply understand his thinking, expand his knowledge, and gain a deeper understanding of the worldview. A person can read books using various sources throughout his life, enjoy the best works of our national literature and world literature, and increase the interest of today's youth in reading books.

This article provides information on the creation of literary reference publications about the Khorezm oasis, an analysis of the poets of the past who lived and worked in Khorezm and their work, the formation of the literary life of the oasis, its specific development directions, the worthy place of Khorezm poets and writers in the development of Uzbek literature, the importance of the works they created, the emergence of a number of enlightened poets in literature, the glorification of science and enlightenment in their works, the glorification of goodness and friendship in their works.

Pragmatic transposition in literary translation refers to taking into account the pragmatic aspects of language during the translation process. The translator must consider the text not only from grammatical and lexical perspectives but also its context, cultural characteristics, and the author’s intentions. This process helps accurately convey the original meaning and spirit of the work, providing the reader with an opportunity to understand another culture.

This article analyzes the pedagogical foundations and methodological approaches of developing creative abilities in schoolchildren, as well as the role of the teacher in this regard. Effective methods for promoting creative thinking, forming independent thinking in learners, and revealing personal interests and talents are highlighted. The article focuses on current aspects of developing creativity in modern educational processes.

This article examines the concept of personal data and the types of crimes committed during their use or those that may be committed in the future. In particular, cases of committing crimes using the capabilities of artificial intelligence, which is forming as a product of the digital age, and their consequences are analyzed. Liability measures established by current legislation for such offenses will also be considered.

This article deals with the study and analysis of foreign literature on the issues of formation of speech communication in children with normal development and severe forms of mental retardation, as well as the formation of speech communication in severe forms of mental retardation, communication in Uzbek children. the development of skills is expressed.

This article analyzes Azerbaijan's position as a regional power and its geopolitical strategies in the post-Soviet space. Azerbaijan's strategic location, rich energy resources, and developing transit infrastructure are identified as key factors enhancing its regional influence. The country's multi-vector foreign policy—particularly its balanced relations with Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Western states—is examined as a critical element in strengthening its regional standing. Complex regional conflicts, especially the Karabakh conflict, are highlighted for their role in shaping Azerbaijan’s security and diplomatic strategies. The article thoroughly assesses the political, humanitarian, and security impacts of the Karabakh conflict and emphasizes the significance of new geopolitical realities that emerged after the Second Karabakh War in 2020, such as the opening of the Zangezur Corridor as a strategic transit route. It also addresses the challenges and risks Azerbaijan faces in asserting itself as a regional power. The study underlines the importance of pursuing multi-dimensional diplomacy, a balanced foreign policy, economic diversification, innovation, and social development. Recommendations include deepening regional integration, modernizing energy and transport sectors, resolving conflicts peacefully, and expanding security cooperation. This article offers valuable academic and practical insights into Azerbaijan’s evolving role in the dynamic geopolitical landscape of the post-Soviet region.

 The article reveals the content of the ever-increasing role of the Caucasus-Caspian region in global geopolitical and geoeconomic processes in the Middle Ages. It provides a detailed study of the military and political events occurring during this period and reveals the struggle of the main rival forces to establish their control over the main trade routes stretching from Europe and China, India and Central Asia. In this connection, the extremely important military-strategic and economic significance of one of the main branches of the Great Silk Road is demonstrated – the famous Caspian Route, which ran along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which became famous back in ancient times.

The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.

This article analyzes proverbs and sayings related to language and speech activity, focusing on their lexical-semantic, stylistic, and methodological features. Based on the author’s personal observations, reflections, and practical examples, the role of proverbs in today’s linguistic process is highlighted. Furthermore, their significance in shaping speech culture and their application in education are also discussed.

The article reveals the content of the ever-increasing role of the Caucasus-Caspian region in global geopolitical and geoeconomic processes in the Middle Ages. It provides a detailed study of the military and political events occurring during this period and reveals the struggle of the main rival forces to establish their control over the main trade routes stretching from Europe and China, India and Central Asia. In this connection, the extremely important military-strategic and economic significance of one of the main branches of the Great Silk Road is demonstrated – the famous Caspian Route, which ran along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which became famous back in ancient times.

The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.

The digital transformation of banking services has become a central driver of efficiency, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction in the financial sector. This article examines both theoretical and practical approaches to measuring the efficiency of digitalization in banking. Theoretically, efficiency is evaluated through financial indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and the Cost-to-Income Ratio, as well as non-financial metrics including customer satisfaction, transaction speed, and digital adoption rates. Practically, the study analyzes data from selected banks in Uzbekistan and international benchmarks, focusing on indicators such as the growth of digital banking users, profitability dynamics, and operational cost reduction. The findings reveal that digitalization projects not only enhance service delivery but also improve overall financial stability and competitiveness of banks. Graphical and tabular analyses are employed to illustrate trends in user adoption, profitability, and comparative international experiences. The study concludes by highlighting key methodological implications for policymakers and banking practitioners, offering a framework for assessing efficiency in the era of digital transformation.

This article examines the stylistic and functional use of parenthetical insertions (kiritmalar) in the works of the contemporary Uzbek writer Erkin A’zam. Insertions are studied as independent linguistic units that enrich the narrative by adding explanatory detail, irony, and authorial commentary. By analyzing selected passages from A’zam’s prose, the paper reveals how insertions contribute to characterization, narrative dynamics, and implicit meaning. Comparative references are also made to other Uzbek prose writers to demonstrate the uniqueness of A’zam’s style.

This article discusses the issues of developing national and general cultural competencies in literature lessons for students (grades 5-7) studying in general secondary schools. Traditional and modern methods of instilling national and general cultural values in students through certain literary sources are studied. New methods are developed on the values that should be established in the pedagogical activity of the teacher in literature lessons, taking into account the age, gender and mental state of the student.

This article explores the dynamics of the comprehensive strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and China in the 21st century, analyzing its historical foundations, geopolitical significance, and evolving multidimensional cooperation. The study emphasizes the growing importance of bilateral relations in the context of global power shifts, regional integration processes, and the Belt and Road Initiative. By examining political, economic, cultural, and security dimensions, the research highlights how the partnership transcends traditional diplomacy and reflects a pragmatic model of interdependence, where both states pursue mutual interests while navigating global competition and regional challenges. The article also addresses scholarly perspectives and methodological frameworks that provide critical insights into understanding the depth and complexity of this bilateral engagement.

This article systematically examines the historical, political, and socio-cultural dynamics underpinning the formation and development of relations between Central Asian entities and the Ottoman Turks during the period from 1865 to 1910. The study elucidates the complex interplay of geopolitical aspirations, trade exchanges, diplomatic correspondences, and cultural interactions that shaped bilateral engagements in this transitional era.

This article examines the multifaceted influence of the Ottoman Turks on the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with particular emphasis on political, diplomatic, cultural, and religious dimensions. Through an analysis of archival documents, diplomatic correspondence, trade records, and contemporary accounts, the study elucidates the ways in which the Ottoman Empire projected influence into Central Asia, reinforcing Islamic identity, supporting administrative and educational reforms, and facilitating transregional networks. The research highlights the reciprocal nature of these interactions, demonstrating how Central Asian khanates selectively adapted Ottoman models to their local contexts while negotiating autonomy under the pressures of Russian expansion. By situating these relations within broader geopolitical and socio-cultural frameworks, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the historical processes that shaped the development of Central Asian polities and their enduring engagement with the Ottoman world.

This article examines the establishment and evolution of diplomatic relations between Uzbekistan and the People’s Republic of China, highlighting their historical underpinnings, political dynamics, and strategic significance within the broader context of Central Asian geopolitics. By situating the formation of bilateral relations in the aftermath of Uzbekistan’s independence in 1991, the research underscores the multifaceted drivers of cooperation, including political recognition, economic interdependence, and regional security imperatives. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms through which China’s growing global influence, articulated through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has shaped Uzbekistan’s foreign policy orientations, while Uzbekistan’s strategic geographical position and reform-driven domestic policy have enhanced its role as a reliable partner for China. The study not only investigates the political and economic determinants of bilateral cooperation but also addresses the challenges, contradictions, and opportunities inherent in these relations. In doing so, the article contributes to the academic discourse on post-Soviet state diplomacy, Sino-Central Asian engagement, and the transformation of Eurasian international relations.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has introduced new opportunities for enhancing the professional competence of future teachers. In the modern educational paradigm, the integration of AI into pedagogical practice is not merely an auxiliary tool but a transformative factor that reshapes teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and assessment mechanisms. This article examines the pedagogical features of developing professional competence among prospective educators through the application of AI-based technologies. Special attention is devoted to the ways in which AI contributes to strengthening cognitive, methodological, and reflective skills, while simultaneously fostering adaptability to the rapidly changing demands of the digital age.

in a scientific article, experiments were carried out to determine the product output and quality indicators when these varieties and hybrids of sweet kalmpir are processed in a soyaki method of drying, in a working solution of C5H8NO4Na * H2O. Natrii glutamas, mononatrium glutamate, the mononatrium salt of glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder, well soluble in water, with the chemical formula C5H8NO4Na * H2O - is a food additive designed to enhance taste perception by increasing the sensitivity of the tongue receptors in the dar Tashkent variety 0.85 kg, in the "Chelsea F1 hybrid 1.1 kg, "Reyna F1", while in the hybrid this figure was found to be 0.96 kg.atrii glutamas, mononatrium glutamate, the mononatrium salt of glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder, well soluble in water, with the chemical formula C5H8NO4Na * H2O - is a food additive designed to enhance taste perception by increasing the sensitivity of the tongue receptors in the dar Tashkent variety 0.85 kg, in the "Chelsea F1 hybrid 1.1 kg, "Reyna F1", while in the hybrid this figure was found to be 0.96 kg. It is worth saying that the highest figure in the output of this ready-made dryylgna product was analyzed to be 1.1 kg, in the Chelsea F1 hybrid.

This article is devoted to the development of agrotechnology for growing standard California poplar seedlings in Uzbekistan. The experiments showed that the viability of cuttings cut from new branches in November is high. Cuttings were planted with a length of 10–35 cm and a diameter of 5–18 mm, and as a result, cuttings with a length of 25–30 cm and a diameter of 12–15 mm showed the highest indicators (41 cuttings). This option was found to be superior in terms of root formation rate and viability. Scientific recommendations were developed on the agrotechnology of growing seedlings - cutting preparation, planting date, irrigation, fertilization, and methods of seedling extraction. The study is of practical importance in establishing high-quality timber poplar plantations in Uzbekistan.

 in this article, the types of personality used in the lyrical works of Ulugbek Hamdam, the specificity of which typology arose through expression using somatisms, and their meaning are revealed.

 Marketing in the field of tourism plays a crucial role in connecting internal management practices of travel companies with external market realities. Initially developed in the manufacturing sector, social services marketing has evolved into a vital tool for the tourism industry due to the growing competition, commercialization of services, and the specific nature of tourism products. Unlike traditional goods, tourist services are often offered as pre-packaged sets of experiences that require predicting consumer demand and preferences in advance. Effective marketing in tourism therefore ensures constant alignment of services with customer needs, enabling companies to remain competitive and profitable. At the macro level, tourism marketing is shaped by state policy and the economic role of tourism, with examples such as the U.S. Tourism Marketing Bureau coordinating national and international projects. At the micro level, travel companies and independent marketing firms employ research to evaluate market conditions, advertising effectiveness, consumer preferences, and product quality. Key research areas include assessing the popularity of destinations, analyzing new market opportunities, evaluating advertising channels, and identifying problematic situations. Overall, the marketing of social services in tourism functions as a system of continuous adaptation, designed to anticipate demand, enhance product quality, and sustain consumer interest, while also acting as an indicator of long-term success for tour operators.

This article highlights the importance of analyzing the problems encountered in the design of worm gears and proposing appropriate solutions to improve the reliability of manufactured machines.It also emphasizes the significance of developing highly effective proposals based on innovative approaches to ensure the production of high-quality and reliable machines.

Empagliflozin, a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure. Despite its proven cardiovascular and renal benefits, rare but serious cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including euglycemic DKA (euDKA), have been reported. This article reviews the incidence, mechanisms, risk factors, clinical features, and management strategies of empagliflozin-associated DKA. Early recognition and preventive strategies are essential to balance risks and benefits of therapy.

 It is well known that the description of external, pictorial phenomena of life is an important component of a literary and artistic work: portraits of characters, landscapes, the interior where events unfold - all together lead the reader to an understanding of how the writer solves social, moral, aesthetic, spiritual, philosophical problems of his time by figurative means. Some cultural eras and literary trends make one or another component of the descriptive "complex" more preferable for depiction, for example, a portrait, its various forms and types, others build a work on the dynamics of the landscape, on its special role, allowing us to judge both the people depicted, and the nature of the problems, and the ways of their resolution.

 A person is in different situations in his daily life and lives in different moods. Today, it is common to experience stress frequently. Isn't a person who looks at the situation through the lens of stress prone to conflict situations?

This article discusses the unique characteristics of the concepts of "social state" and "secular state" as enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It highlights the state's commitment to social justice, equitable distribution of wealth, poverty reduction, and creation of equal opportunities. The secular state model emphasizes freedom of conscience and the separation of religion from the state. Additionally, the article analyzes constitutional reforms, the “Uzbekistan – 2030” development strategy, and advancements in the national social protection system.

The article analyzes the essence of the clustering system in legal education, its role in the integration of education and practice, and its impact on the modern educational process. Clustering unites higher legal education institutions, judicial and law enforcement bodies, the bar, notary offices, and legal clinics into a single system, serving to prepare students to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. The study proposes new approaches to the development of legal education clusters in Uzbekistan, highlighting issues such as the development of a national concept, the formation of regional clusters, and the integration of digital technologies into the educational process. In addition, based on a comparative analysis with the experiences of countries such as the USA, the UK, and Germany, ways to improve the efficiency of clustering are presented. The findings contribute to improving the quality of legal education, training competitive specialists in the labor market, and raising the legal culture of the population. The article also broadly covers the importance, advantages, and prospects of implementing clustering in legal education in Uzbekistan.

This article discusses how synonymous phenomena occur between words in the pharmaceutical field, an analysis of the opinions of linguists on this issue, and the types of synonymous phenomena.

This article talks about the specific features of the synonyms used in Saida Zunnunova's poems. The phenomenon of language units having the same meaning is called synonymy. A group of words that are synonymous with each other is called a series of synonyms. One word in the series of synonyms is the main word. The examples given in the article are taken from the poems of the poetess Saida Zunnunova.

This paper examines how misinformation, rumors, and fabricated news stories influence modern financial markets. The study builds on theories of information asymmetry, behavioral finance, and market microstructure to show that false information can trigger significant volatility, distort investor behavior, and erode trust in financial systems. Using recent global cases such as the Associated Press Twitter hack in 2013, the GameStop and AMC short squeeze episodes of 2021, the collapse of the Terra–Luna cryptocurrency ecosystem, and rumors that contributed to the Silicon Valley Bank crisis in 2023, the paper illustrates how digital platforms amplify misinformation. Special attention is also paid to emerging markets, including Uzbekistan, where Telegram channels and social media commentary often affect perceptions of currency stability and bank liquidity. The paper concludes with policy recommendations, emphasizing the need for stronger regulatory frameworks, improved market surveillance, and digital literacy programs for investors.

This study investigates the antibacterial activity of novel metal complexes synthesized using levofloxacin (LEV) as a ligand. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of these complexes were evaluated against three clinically significant bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The synthesized copper(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) complexes of levofloxacin were tested using the agar well diffusion method at a fixed concentration of 35 µg/mL. The diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zones was measured and compared to those produced by free levofloxacin and the corresponding metal salts. Results demonstrated that the metal complexes exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to levofloxacin alone, with the copper complex showing the highest efficacy. These findings suggest that metal complexation with levofloxacin can improve its antimicrobial potency and may serve as a promising strategy for developing more effective antibacterial agents..

This article explores strategies and frameworks for improving continuous professional development (CPD) systems for teachers. It highlights the importance of ongoing learning and skill enhancement in the teaching profession to ensure educational quality and adaptability to changing pedagogical demands. The study examines current CPD models, identifies challenges faced by educators in accessing and benefiting from professional development opportunities, and proposes innovative approaches to make CPD more effective, inclusive, and sustainable. Emphasis is placed on integrating technology, collaborative learning, and personalized growth plans to foster teacher motivation and professional growth. The findings aim to support policymakers, educational institutions, and stakeholders in creating robust CPD systems that contribute to improved teaching practices and student outcomes.

Youth slang is a vibrant and evolving aspect of modern communication that plays a significant role in shaping personal and social identities. This study investigates youth slang from a sociolinguistic perspective, emphasizing its role in the construction of identity, group membership, and cultural belonging. Through an analysis of language use among youth in both offline and digital contexts, the paper explores how slang acts as a linguistic tool for self-expression, peer bonding, and distinction from mainstream or adult discourse. It also examines the dynamic and creative nature of slang, particularly its rapid emergence on social media platforms and its adoption within localized linguistic communities. The research draws on theoretical frameworks from W.Labov, supported by contemporary studies on digital discourse. Findings suggest that youth slang not only reinforces social identity but also serves as a mechanism for resistance, creativity, and adaptability in an ever-changing sociocultural landscape. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of how informal language practices among young people reflect broader issues of power, identity, and social dynamics in today’s globalized world.

Modern education is shifting to pay more attention to the needs of students. This essay talks about student-centered learning, which means that students take part in their own learning rather than just sitting back and listening to the teacher. It explains how this method helps students grow in all areas, not just in school, but also in their personal and social lives. People talk about ways to learn, such as doing group work, asking questions, and going at your own pace. The paper also talks about the problems, such as how to give fair tests to students and teach teachers how to use this new method. It shows that student-centered learning makes kids more sure of themselves, able to work on their own, and ready for the future. 

Beyond the classroom, student-centered learning has several advantages. Students are more likely to feel pride in their work and a sense of ownership when they are actively involved in their education. Stronger interpersonal skills, more self-esteem, and an increased ability to handle difficulties in the classroom and in the real world can result from this. Although there are many benefits to student-centered learning, there are drawbacks as well. How to fairly evaluate students' progress is a big worry, particularly when they are learning at various rates or doing different kinds of assignments. The requirement for teachers to have enough training in order to successfully apply student-centered practices in their classrooms is another problem.
Notwithstanding these obstacles, the increasing demand for student-centered learning is indicative of a larger movement in education toward.

Despite the fact that a wide range of problems related to train traffic control are being solved using microelectronic technology, the prospects for the development and application of relay technology remain, since there are a number of problems that are more appropriately solved with the help of relays. This opinion is also confirmed by the ongoing work on creating new relays.

 This paper examines the development of an integrated “city–suburb” tariff system for the Tashkent agglomeration, based on the ATTO transport card. The study highlights the fragmentation of the current fare structure, in which suburban railway services remain excluded from the existing digital integration of urban transport modes (bus and metro). Drawing upon international best practices, the research proposes a methodological framework for incorporating suburban train journeys into a unified tariff zone, applying transfer discounts, and preventing fare duplication. The proposed model aims to reduce overall passenger expenditures, enhance the attractiveness of public transport, and support the establishment of a sustainable “city–suburb” mobility system.

The article examines the psychological factors influencing the development and improvement of professional competence among prosecution officers. Within the framework of an empirical study (n=84), the features of socio-psychological adaptation, emotional resilience, and motivational sphere of prosecutors were analyzed. It was found that the level of stress resistance and professional identity directly correlates with job satisfaction and readiness for self-development. The article concludes that it is necessary to implement psychological programs aimed at preventing professional deformation and strengthening intrinsic motivation.

This article discusses the importance of the green economy and explains why it is essential for modern societies. It highlights the role of sustainable development in protecting the environment, saving natural resources, and creating new economic opportunities. The paper also examines how green technologies can reduce pollution and improve the quality of life. Overall, the study argues that a transition to a green economy is necessary for long-term stability and prosperity.

This review analyzes recent scientific literature on the role of biologically active supplements (BAS) in maintaining reproductive health among women of reproductive age. The study highlights the most widely investigated supplements, including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, inositol, magnesium, and B vitamins, which demonstrate beneficial effects on fertility, hormonal balance, and metabolic stability. The results confirm the growing importance of BAS in preventive and supportive medicine, although further large-scale clinical trials are needed to establish standardized guidelines.

Today, from the experience of developed and developing countries, it can be observed that public-private partnership relations play an important role in improving the well-being of the population, developing the country's infrastructure and, ultimately, ensuring the economic development of countries. Therefore, today it is relevant to introduce the practice of public-private partnership more broadly in the country's economic sector, to increase the interest of private investors in public-private partnership relations, to increase the profitability of private investors from financing infrastructure mud and to develop the country's economy through it. In the practice of public-private partnership, it is important to study the experience of successful overseas, analyze the aspects that can be applied in our country, introduce aspects that are characteristic of our economy the practice of public-private partnership, it is important to study the experience of successful overseas, analyze the aspects that can be applied in our country, introduce aspects that are characteristic of our economy.

The article examines the issues of implementing physical activity in physical education and sports classes in educational and sports institutions. It analyzes modern approaches to planning and monitoring the volume, intensity and structure of classes, the role of individualization of loads, the principles of safe organization of the training process and evaluation of the effectiveness of the implemented measures. It considers methodological aspects related to the use of modern monitoring tools (heart rate belts, digital platforms, physical fitness testing) and the principles of adapting programs to different age groups and levels of training. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal practices for implementing physical activity to improve physical fitness develop motor skills and motivate students to an active lifestyle.

Development of coordination abilities is one of the most important areas of training athletes in various sports, especially in those disciplines that require high precision of movements, the ability to quickly adapt to changing conditions and demonstrate flexibility of thinking. In martial arts, in particular in judo, these qualities acquire special significance, since the success of technical and tactical actions directly depends on the level of coordination development. In the study, the authors developed and tested a special technique aimed at the targeted formation and improvement of coordination abilities in young judokas. The use of this technique made it possible to significantly accelerate the process of mastering complex motor actions, increase resistance to stressful competitive situations, and expand the motor experience of those involved. The results obtained indicate that systematic work on the development of coordination contributes not only to faster mastering of technical techniques, but also to the formation of stable skills that ensure high efficiency of competitive activities. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed methodology in the process of sports training, which makes it a universal tool for coaches working with young athletes.

This article describes important aspects of the role of sports, in particular judo, in society and personal development. The importance of physical activity and sports for ensuring health, as well as the impact of sports on economic development and the well-being of citizens of the country are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the development of judo as a type of martial art and its positive aspects of personality. The article considers the key aspects of training young judokas, focusing on three phases of competitive activity - pre-start, actual competitive and "consequence" phase. The article analyzes in detail the characteristics of each phase and the impact of age differences on the psychological state and training of judokas. The author points out the need for systematic and targeted training based on a step-by-step structure of the training process and taking into account the level of physical development of each athlete. A detailed consideration also concerns the key muscle groups involved in performing technical actions in judo, based on the biomechanical analysis of technical movements. 

The training of athletes in modern sports is a multi-level system that includes physical, technical, tactical and psychological aspects that are mutually dependent. Ignoring at least one of the training areas may negatively affect the results, especially in martial arts, where the athlete's activity takes place under conditions of limited time and active resistance from the opponent. In such situations, the speed of analysis, decision-making and their immediate implementation become important. Sambo as a universal type of wrestling integrates the most effective techniques from judo, freestyle and sport wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, boxing, kickboxing and Thai boxing. This versatility is confirmed by the successful performances of athletes in related disciplines - mixed martial arts, hand-to-hand combat, muay thai, karate and wushu sanda. The variety of technical actions in sambo requires high psychomotor fitness, precise coordination and consistency of movements. The unity of motor qualities and skills is formed on the basis of anatomical and physiological patterns and conditioned reflex mechanisms, which ensures the development of both technical and physical characteristics of the athlete.

The article examines the role of modern management mechanisms and information and communication technologies in improving the activities of executive authorities. The author highlights the need to modernize public administration, develop electronic systems, ensure transparency, and expand citizen participation in governance. The study also analyzes the experience, legal framework, and prospects of introducing e-governance into the activities of executive bodies, as well as proposals for improving the legislation.

Experiments were performed on white, outbred rats of different ages (15 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and 4 months). After reaching a certain age, they were decapitated under anesthesia and their pancreas was removed.

During decapitation, blood was collected. Amylolytic and lipolytic activity was determined in the filtrate and blood serum, the activity of these enzymes was studied in postnatal ontogeny in the pancreas and blood. Amylase and lipase enzymes were fully formed in the pancreas of rats at the age of 4 months, and in the blood at 3-4 months of age. These changes in the amylolytic and lipolytic activities in the pancreatic tissue and blood of rats depend on the change in their feeding pattern (transition from lactotroph to mixed diet), increased energy expenditure, and changes in the enteropancreatic recirculation of these enzymes.

This article discusses the functional importance of musical culture in improving the aesthetic thinking of young people. Musical culture is one of the most complex areas of education, in which aesthetic, psychological, social, communicative and other areas are interconnected. The basis of this complex education is music. The value of music is recognized by morality, and it is elevated to perfection and beauty.

Brain tumors represent one of the greatest challenges in neurosurgery and oncology, with treatment strategies varying significantly between adult and pediatric populations. Although both groups may present with similar neurological symptoms, their biological characteristics, molecular profiles, treatment responses, and long-term outcomes differ markedly. In adults, high-grade gliomas such as glioblastoma dominate, often requiring aggressive multimodal therapy yet yielding limited survival benefits. In children, medulloblastomas, gliomas, and ependymomas are most prevalent, and therapy must account for the developing brain, long-term neurocognitive outcomes, and higher sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. This article reviews the fundamental differences in treatment between adult and pediatric brain tumors, focusing on epidemiology, clinical presentation, neurosurgical strategies, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and emerging targeted therapies. Understanding these distinctions is essential for developing age-specific therapeutic protocols, improving survival, and optimizing long-term quality of life.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that significantly affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is characterized by a range of symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and cognitive impairments. Despite advances in psychiatric medicine, schizophrenia remains one of the most disabling mental illnesses, with onset typically occurring in late adolescence or early adulthood. The exact cause is multifactorial, involving genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and long-term management, yet remains challenging due to the overlap of symptoms with other psychiatric conditions. This article explores the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and assessment methods for schizophrenia, drawing from recent literature and global clinical guidelines. It highlights the importance of early detection, the role of neuroimaging and psychometric tools, and the relevance of DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnostic systems. The article uses a qualitative review methodology to analyze scholarly sources and concludes with recommendations for improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. Understanding schizophrenia and its diagnostic challenges is essential for mental health professionals, caregivers, and policy-makers seeking to enhance psychiatric care and reduce the social stigma associated with the illness.

 Mathematics of human thought as his deep knowledge in the sphere of culture and language different most ancient and universal footprint he left. Each period in the development of scientific and mathematical terminology of the society for the accuracy, consistently applied and scientific communication effectiveness was determined to be mutually compatible. The development of modern science, during the period of international scientific cooperation, the exchange of scientific literature in different languages and education in the process of mathematical understanding that is expressed in terms of the particular actual we have only optimized the occupation continues.

:Pandemics have always influenced the course of human civilization, but in the 21st century their impact is stronger than ever due to globalization, rapid urbanization, and increased human mobility. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown how unprepared the world remains for emerging infectious diseases, despite modern advances in medicine. Affecting over 760 million people and causing more than 6.8 million deaths worldwide (WHO, 2023), COVID-19 has revealed the weaknesses of healthcare systems, economies, and societies. This article discusses the historical background of pandemics, analyzes global and regional statistics, examines Uzbekistan’s experience, and explores future preparedness strategies. Both international and Uzbek academic sources are used to highlight the necessity of combining global knowledge with national practices.

 Mental health challenges among university students have become a growing  concern worldwide, particularly in the 21st century when academic pressure, financial difficulties, and social transitions intersect with personal development. This paper aims to explore the causes of mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and stress among university students, as well as to examine possible solutions that educational institutions, families, and policymakers can implement. The study relies on existing research, global reports, and recent surveys to highlight the extent of the issue. Findings indicate that the most common factors contributing to mental health problems include heavy workloads, financial insecurity, social isolation, and lack of institutional support. The consequences of untreated mental health problems range from poor academic performance and low self-esteem to dropout rates and long-term health complications. Proposed solutions include the establishment of campus counseling centers, integration of mental health education into curricula, peer support programs, and stronger collaboration between universities and healthcare providers. This research underscores the urgent need for a holistic approach that combines preventive measures with accessible treatment, aiming to improve the academic experience and overall well-being of students.

Chronic cystitis pleuritic inflammatory syndrome (CCPIS) is a rare and poorly understood condition involving persistent inflammation of both the bladder and pleura. This article explores the long-term consequences of CCPIS, including chronic pain, respiratory complications, urinary system dysfunction, mental health challenges, increased risk of comorbid conditions, and potential for organ damage. Due to its complex and multisystemic nature, CCPIS can significantly reduce quality of life and functional ability over time. The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and multidisciplinary care to manage the condition effectively and prevent lasting complications.

This article analyzes the current model of inclusive education being implemented in Uzbekistan and world experience. It also discusses the main regulatory and legal documents related to the application of inclusive education in the education system, pedagogical support, preparation of educational processes, and the development of special educational programs.

 This study explores the development of creative thinking abilities in fourth-grade students within the framework of literacy lessons. The research emphasizes the integration of cognitive, metacognitive, and pedagogical strategies aimed at fostering originality, problem-solving skills, and imaginative expression among young learners. It examines the theoretical foundations of creativity in educational contexts, highlighting how literacy instruction can serve as a platform for nurturing divergent thinking and reflective learning. Employing a combination of observational, experimental, and qualitative methodologies, the study identifies effective instructional practices that stimulate students’ intellectual curiosity and cognitive flexibility. The findings reveal that systematic incorporation of creative exercises, open-ended questioning, and collaborative projects within literacy lessons significantly enhances students’ ability to generate novel ideas and engage in critical thinking. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of teacher guidance, curriculum design, and supportive classroom environments in shaping the creative capacities of young learners. These results contribute to the broader discourse on educational psychology, curriculum development, and innovative teaching practices, offering practical implications for educators seeking to cultivate creativity at early stages of formal education.

: This article examines the transformation of the internal affairs system and the fight against corruption in Uzbekistan during the post-independence period, highlighting the complex interplay between institutional reforms, governance structures, and socio-political realities. Since gaining sovereignty in 1991, Uzbekistan has undergone profound legal and administrative changes aimed at strengthening statehood, ensuring public order, and eradicating corruption as one of the primary obstacles to sustainable development. The analysis focuses on the historical trajectory of internal affairs institutions, the legal frameworks adopted to combat corruption, and the socio-political context that shaped these reforms. Drawing on comparative perspectives and theoretical underpinnings, the study not only scrutinizes national initiatives but also situates them within global anti-corruption discourses. By evaluating the successes, shortcomings, and ongoing challenges, the research underscores the pivotal role of transparency, accountability, and institutional modernization in advancing the effectiveness of internal affairs and in consolidating democratic governance in Uzbekistan.

comprehensive analysis of the historical development of the prosecutorial system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the period following the acquisition of state independence in 1991. The study seeks to identify the key stages, institutional reforms, and legal transformations that have shaped the structure, functions, and strategic orientation of the prosecutorial authority. Within the broader context of legal modernization and the formation of a democratic state governed by the rule of law, the research emphasizes the interplay between political reforms, constitutional consolidation, and institutional strengthening of prosecutorial functions. Special attention is paid to the evolution of prosecutorial oversight, its expanding role in ensuring legality and justice, and the harmonization of domestic legislation with international legal standards. The article also examines challenges and contradictions faced during reform processes, including the balance between state control and judicial independence, as well as the prosecutorial system’s adaptation to the principles of democratic governance.

This article highlights one of the less-studied issues in modern linguistics – the problem of semantic multidimensionality, in particular ambivalence, in literary texts. It analyzes the manifestation of the text as a holistic unit, the interrelation of its elements, and the simultaneous embodiment of two or more semantic layers. At the same time, theories of various scholars regarding ambivalence are comparatively examined, and examples are provided to demonstrate how the semantic versatility of a text is reflected through lexical means. The results of the study contribute to improving methods of semantic analysis in text linguistics and to forming a more complete understanding of the nature of polysemy in speech.

This article provides an understanding of floods, measures to reduce their losses, and the consequences of floods causing various losses and recommendations for their prevention.

This article discusses the purpose and function of agricultural entomology. Methods of pest control. Also, information is provided on the biology of insect pests and plant damage in epiphytic situations, as well as measures to combat pests.

This article explores the strategic mechanisms of monetary fund circulation in modern economic systems, emphasizing their formation sources, application scopes, and integration into investment-financial activities. The analysis is grounded in 2025 macroeconomic data, providing insights into financial liquidity, international financial standards (IFRS), and the adoption of digital financial technologies. The study aims to demonstrate how the effective management of monetary funds enhances national economic resilience and global competitiveness.           

World civilization is entering an information society. Therefore, in today's era of rapid information flow, delivering information to listeners promptly and efficiently is one of the main requirements of today. In addition to traditional mass media, electronic media also make a significant contribution to the implementation of this function. Furthermore, with additional and unofficial sources entering the information market, there is a need to study and analyze the role and function of a single local state radio channel, which delivers global and local news to listeners, in the information space.

Analysis and solutions of the main water sources of Aydar-Arnasoy lake system, their monitoring, water mineralization and their salinity.

This article provides information about book reading, as well as the fact that a person can deeply understand his thinking, expand his knowledge, and gain a deeper understanding of the worldview. A person can read books using various sources throughout his life, enjoy the best works of our national literature and world literature, and increase the interest of today's youth in reading books.

This article provides information on the creation of literary reference publications about the Khorezm oasis, an analysis of the poets of the past who lived and worked in Khorezm and their work, the formation of the literary life of the oasis, its specific development directions, the worthy place of Khorezm poets and writers in the development of Uzbek literature, the importance of the works they created, the emergence of a number of enlightened poets in literature, the glorification of science and enlightenment in their works, the glorification of goodness and friendship in their works.

 This article examines the derivational features of two-component sentences in English and Uzbek, focusing on the processes by which subject–predicate structures are formed and transformed in each language. Drawing on corpus data and comparative-structural analysis, the study highlights fundamental typological differences: English, as an analytical language, derives such sentences through auxiliaries, fixed word order, and syntactic transformations, while Uzbek, as an agglutinative language, relies on affixation, case marking, and flexible syntactic arrangements. The analysis also explores elliptical and nominal patterns, demonstrating how each language encodes predication through its own grammatical resources. Despite these differences, both languages reveal a universal tendency to establish predication as the minimal communicative unit. The findings contribute to the theoretical study of comparative syntax and have practical implications for translation studies, bilingual education, and intercultural communication.

pragmatic transposition in literary translation refers to taking into account the pragmatic aspects of language during the translation process. The translator must consider the text not only from grammatical and lexical perspectives but also its context, cultural characteristics, and the author’s intentions. This process helps accurately convey the original meaning and spirit of the work, providing the reader with an opportunity to understand another culture.

This article analyzes the pedagogical foundations and methodological approaches of developing creative abilities in schoolchildren, as well as the role of the teacher in this regard. Effective methods for promoting creative thinking, forming independent thinking in learners, and revealing personal interests and talents are highlighted. The article focuses on current aspects of developing creativity in modern educational processes.

 In Uzbek linguistics, increasing attention is being paid to the issue of phraseology and the national-cultural characteristics reflected in their structural-semantic composition.

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies have been revolutionizing one of the most important areas of the financial system - credit scoring. Credit scoring is crucial for banks and financial institutions in assessing the financial worthiness of borrowers and minimizing risks. While traditional statistical methods (e.g., logistic regression, FICO score) are effective to some extent, they cannot fully capture the complex, nonlinear patterns of the modern digital economy, as well as the wide range of alternative data sources. This article provides an in-depth analysis of modern AI algorithms used in credit scoring, their strategic advantages over traditional methods and practical challenges. The article also highlights the technological trends expected in the future (explainable AI, blockchain) to make this industry more transparent, secure, and inclusive, and the specific aspects of introducing AI in the Uzbek financial market.

Wilson–Konovalov disease (WCD) is a rare hereditary disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. Early diagnosis in children is crucial to prevent irreversible organ damage. To investigate the clinical, neurological, and laboratory characteristics of WCD in pediatric patients.
A total of 60 children aged 5–14 years were enrolled: 30 patients with WCD (main group) and 30 healthy children (control group). Family history, cognitive functions (Wechsler scale), ophthalmological findings, biochemical parameters (serum ceruloplasmin and copper, daily urinary copper excretion), and abdominal ultrasound were assessed.
In the main group, the initial complaints were fatigue, weakness, and recurrent epistaxis. Neurological symptoms (dysarthria, dysphagia, hypomimia, affective disorders) were observed in 33.3% of children older than 10 years. Cognitive decline was identified in 13.3% of patients. Kayser–Fleischer rings were detected in 26.7% of cases. Daily urinary copper excretion exceeded 90 µg/day in 40% of affected children. Mean serum ceruloplasmin was 0.9±0.2 g/L (normal: 0.2–0.4 g/L), and total serum copper was 9.8±1.1 µmol/L (normal: 12.56–24.34 µmol/L). Abdominal ultrasound revealed hepatomegaly and gallbladder enlargement of varying degrees.

 This article analyzes the moral and spiritual issues reflected in the novels of O‘tkir Hoshimov. In works such as Between Two Doors, Lives Spent in Dreams, and others, the writer deeply explores human psychology, honesty, justice, compassion, as well as family and social values. The article also highlights the role of O‘tkir Hoshimov’s creative legacy in Uzbek literature and its contemporary spiritual and educational significance.

This article covers the application of a magnetic pen and a “Power band” glove, an innovative technological solution aimed at developing writing skills for children with a need for Inclusive Education, a physical defect in the hand, through a project created by the author. Children who are faced with difficulties in the development of small motorics are required to simplify writing movements, correctly grasp the pen, control lines and form writing skills . 

    On the basis of experience, it was found that this tool seeks to act independently, increases the interest and skill of students in writing. The article covers the mechanism of operation of the innovative device, its practical application and pedagogical recommendations. As we all know, in recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to the development of inclusive education in the educational system of Uzbekistan. In state politics, the integration of children with disabilities and special needs in teaching into the general education system is defined as one of the main areas.

This article explores the role of electronic pedagogy as a key instrument in transforming the educational system amidst ongoing reforms in New Uzbekistan. It examines the digitalization of education, the implementation of e-learning formats, the evolving role of teachers in the digital environment, and both the advantages and challenges faced by the system. Special attention is given to national strategies, international collaborations, and the future prospects of educational technology in the country.

This article outlines key tasks related to the formation of attribute data for the thematic layer "Underground Sewer Pipelines" on the basis of legal, economic management, and architectural-construction status indicators of underground sewer systems. It discusses the procedures for formalizing these data within spatial database tables and visualizing them on a 1:2000 scale land cadastre map using ArcGIS 9.3. Additionally, the article highlights the importance of submitting this information to the National Geographic Information System aimed at ensuring the operational support of the Specialized Geographic Information System for the Unified State Cadastre System (SGIS-USC). The focus is on facilitating the integration of state cadastre systems.

Nutritional anemia is one of the most prevalent pediatric health problems worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Iron deficiency remains the leading cause, though deficiencies of folic acid, vitamin B12, and other micronutrients also contribute. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and management approaches for nutritional anemia in children. Findings highlight the importance of early detection, dietary interventions, supplementation, and preventive strategies in reducing the burden of childhood anemia.

This article explores theoretical and practical challenges in compiling a bilingual Russian–Uzbek ideographical dictionary. Unlike alphabetical dictionaries, it classifies words by semantic fields, highlighting issues such as semantic asymmetry, polysemy, and cultural specificity. The study shows that many concepts lack direct equivalents due to linguistic and cultural differences. Russian often has finer lexical distinctions in certain domains, while Uzbek includes culture-bound terms without Russian counterparts. Addressing these asymmetries requires explanatory notes, cross-referencing, and ethnolinguistic commentary. The creation of such a dictionary would combine European semantic models with Uzbek cultural categories and is valuable for comparative linguistics, translation, bilingual education, and cultural preservation.

Current trend on learning foreign language has become widely popular in different corners of the world, with billions of students trying to acquire it in order to pass exams, become a student, find a work, promote, travel, move and so on. Unquestionably, there are countless occasions which require people in different ages know and be able to use language fluently. However, similarly there are countless factors which hinder people from learning the necessary language, and on of them is Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA), which is significant affective factor influencing second language acquisition, by affecting learners classroom engagement, language performance, and overall achievement. However, this language phenomenon remains under explored, since studies conducted so far focused only on certain aspects of FLA such as its nature, causes, effects, remaining other important aspects as teachers’ role, mitigating and so on unstudied. Moreover, prior studies applicable for only specific contexts such as institutions or countries. This study, therefore, aims to explore role of teachers’ experience on mitigating FLA that their students have. To achieve this mixed-method study has been conducted in Westminster International University in Tashkent , that examined 48 Postgraduate teacher-students with the help of online questionnaire, 10 of them were interviewed, and 5 observed when they were teaching. First, participants awareness of FLA’s causes and effects was examined in the questionnaire, then strategies that these students use to address FLA have been outlined in the interview, before being ensured in Observations. Findings revealed that student-teachers’ who had worked as a teacher for a long time understands the nature of FLA, its causes and effects more than student-teachers who does not have as much experience in this field. Furthermore, former category of student-teachers have already created and used strategies to mitigate FLA, while later ones could not do so, because they do not know any strategies, resulting in their students failing their language learning.

To achieve this, all interview participants were selected according to their teaching experience and had various teaching experience, starting with 0-1 years of teaching to 10+ years.

This study investigates the influence of social media platforms on language learning processes. With the growing prevalence of digital communication, social media has become a significant tool for learners to improve their vocabulary, grammar, and communication skills in a foreign language. The research examines both the positive and negative effects of social media usage, including increased exposure to authentic language, opportunities for interactive learning, and potential distractions that may hinder learning outcomes. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with language learners, and findings indicate that strategic and mindful use of social media can enhance language acquisition, motivation, and engagement. The study highlights the importance of integrating social media thoughtfully into language education to maximize its benefits while minimizing potential drawbacks.

This article provides information on the varieties of melons grown in our republic and their cultivation. It also provides sufficient information on several methods and environmental factors for extending the period of year-round consumption of melons by the population, including the introduction of melons earlier than usual throughout the year.

Chrysanthemums bloom in autumn when other flowers are much less numerous, so chrysanthemums can decorate city and neighborhood streets when the cold, winter breath of late autumn is coming. Field experiments were conducted to establish the cultivation and propagation of chrysanthemums in the soil and climatic conditions of the Bukhara region. This article provides a detailed description of floriculture, propagation of chrysanthemums, and provides information on methods of flower propagation and cuttings preparation.

The article examines the essence, content, and importance of economic education in the upbringing of primary school students. It analyzes the philosophical and pedagogical heritage of Eastern scholars such as Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Alisher Navoi, Amir Temur, and Beruni in relation to economic thought and its educational value. Special attention is given to the role of family–school partnership in shaping children’s economic behavior, rational use of resources, frugality, and diligence. The article also proposes a pedagogical model that integrates theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of resource management for primary school learners.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are among the most widespread sexually transmitted infections worldwide, with significant oncogenic potential, particularly in the development of cervical carcinoma. HPV is a small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus with tropism to epithelial cells, where it can cause latent, productive, or transforming infections. More than 200 genotypes of HPV have been identified, of which high-risk types such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 are strongly associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. Early detection and prevention strategies, including molecular diagnostics, cytological screening, and vaccination, have significantly reduced HPV-related disease burden in many countries. However, in developing regions, including Uzbekistan, challenges remain in terms of population awareness, accessibility of diagnostic methods, and implementation of vaccination programs. This article reviews the structure and replication of HPV, its role in carcinogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and current prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of strengthening HPV control measures in Central Asia.

This article analyzes the role and importance of the ISO 9001 international quality management system in increasing product competitiveness. The possibilities of producing products that meet market requirements and international standards through the introduction of quality management systems in the production process, ensuring product quality stability, reducing production costs, and gaining consumer confidence are highlighted. Also, based on the regulatory legal acts adopted in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the application of the ISO 9001 system in the sectors of the national economy and its role in increasing export potential were studied.

Teaching the history of chemistry today requires more than memorizing names and chronological discoveries. It is increasingly viewed as a tool to stimulate critical thinking, encourage interdisciplinary connections, and strengthen students’ scientific worldview. Recent international practices highlight the use of integration strategies, modern technologies, and innovative teaching techniques that bring historical knowledge closer to contemporary learners. This article explores global approaches to teaching the history of chemistry, focusing on integration across disciplines, the adoption of digital and interactive tools, and the introduction of innovative methods that make the subject both engaging and relevant.

This study explores whether offering trainings to employees improves firm performance, and how the effectiveness of these trainings differs across firms led by male & female managers. Using the 2023 World Bank Enterprise Survey data for Central Asia, focusing on log sales per employee as the key indicator of performance. Using regression analysis with firm-level data from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, the study finds that training has a robust and significant positive effect on performance, while female leadership, on average, correlates negatively with a firm’s sales. These findings highlight the need for more targeted support and deeper understanding of gender differences in management and workforce development.

Oral hygiene comprises daily practices—such as tooth brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning, and use of antiseptic rinses—aimed at preserving the health of teeth, gums, and other structures in the oral cavity. While traditionally considered a matter of dental wellbeing alone, emerging research over the past decades has shown strong associations between poor oral hygiene and a variety of systemic health issues, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and even cognitive decline. This article reviews current literature, presents recent findings, and explores mechanisms by which oral health impacts overall health. Key factors include bacterial biofilms (plaque), chronic inflammation, translocation of pathogens or their byproducts into the bloodstream, immune response dysregulation, and lifestyle/dietary behaviors that cooccur with poor oral hygiene. Through a review of epidemiological and clinical intervention studies, this paper elucidates how regular and comprehensive oral hygiene can reduce risks of systemic disease. Research methodology involves crosssectional, cohort, and interventional designs. Recent results indicate that consistent toothbrushing combined with interdental cleaning is associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and reduced risk of respiratory infections among vulnerable populations. The conclusion emphasizes the need for strengthening oral health promotion in public health agendas, integrating dental care into primary care, and advancing research into longterm effects and mechanisms.

Globalization is one of the most significant phenomena shaping the modern world economy. It has accelerated the integration of national economies into a global system through the expansion of international trade, capital flows, technological innovation, and labor migration. While globalization has created vast opportunities for economic growth, competitiveness, and knowledge exchange, it has also introduced a range of challenges such as inequality, cultural homogenization, and economic vulnerability. The impact of globalization on national economies varies depending on a country’s level of development, institutional capacity, and integration policies. Developed nations have largely benefited from globalization through technological leadership and increased market access, while developing countries have experienced both opportunities for growth and challenges in terms of dependency and structural adjustment. This article analyzes the dynamics of globalization and evaluates its positive and negative consequences on national economies. It further explores the role of global financial institutions, international organizations, and multinational corporations in shaping economic outcomes. By examining case studies and existing research, the article aims to provide a balanced perspective on how nations can strategically harness the benefits of globalization while minimizing its risks, thereby ensuring sustainable development and inclusive growth.

In the context of global economic integration, an accurate assessment of the export potential of textile enterprises is a strategically important responsibility of each country. The textile industry, as one of the oldest and most strategically important sectors of the world economy, accounts for a significant portion of global trade turnover. This sector not only has the potential to create large jobs, but is also an important source of foreign exchange earnings for many developing countries. In particular, countries in the Asian region, including China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Turkey, continue to occupy leading positions in the export of textile products. At the same time, identifying and assessing the export potential of textile enterprises is a complex process that requires multifactorial analysis.

 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic respiratory conditions worldwide and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Characterized by persistent airflow limitation, chronic inflammation, and progressive decline in lung function, COPD imposes a significant burden on patients, healthcare systems, and society. This article provides an overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and treatment approaches to COPD, while also addressing global health challenges associated with the disease. Special attention is given to the role of smoking, environmental pollution, and occupational hazards in disease progression, as well as the importance of preventive strategies, rehabilitation, and patient education.

 This article analyzes the legal status of the Uzbek language as the state language, its role in social and cultural life, the stages in the development of language policy, as well as its significance for national unity. It examines linguistic problems and proposed initiatives to address them, highlighting the strategic importance of language policy in the context of modern digital opportunities. In addition, the article discusses the promotion of the Uzbek language on the international stage.

In this article, one of the central problems of psychological and pedagogical theory is to consider the relationship between the education, upbringing and development of a preschool child.

 This article examines the pedagogical, psychological, and epistemological foundations of shaping students’ scientific worldview through innovative technologies implemented in natural science lessons. The study emphasizes the role of cognitive-constructivist approaches, interactive didactic models, and digital learning environments in the development of students’ systemic understanding of natural phenomena. By analyzing theoretical frameworks and integrating empirical insights, the paper highlights how technological mediation facilitates not only the assimilation of scientific knowledge but also the transformation of students’ thinking patterns toward critical, inquiry-oriented, and evidence-based reasoning.

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the privatization process of commercial banks with state ownership in Uzbekistan on a scientific basis. The main goals of privatization are to liberalize the banking system and strengthen the competitive environment in the financial market, improve corporate governance systems, and attract international investors. The analysis shows that a high state ownership in the banking sector negatively affects the efficiency of the financial market, slows down the diversification of services, and narrows the competitive environment. Based on comparison with international experience, it is argued that the phased privatization model is the most appropriate approach in the conditions of Uzbekistan.

This article explores the emerging field of AI Accent Engineering, which involves the use of artificial intelligence technologies to analyze, modify, and generate human speech accents. The study examines methods for improving speech intelligibility, reducing communication barriers, and enhancing personalized language learning experiences. Key AI techniques, such as deep learning, neural networks, and speech synthesis algorithms, are discussed in the context of accent adaptation and training. The article also highlights practical applications in education, customer service, and entertainment, while addressing ethical considerations and the potential impact on cross-cultural communication. The findings suggest that AI Accent Engineering can significantly enhance both human-computer interaction and multilingual communication, providing innovative tools for learners, professionals, and developers.

This article analyzes the legal framework for improving financial support mechanisms for the development of specialized production enterprises operated by people with disabilities, and presents considerations and proposals aimed at ensuring the employment of people with disabilities by creating favorable conditions for the sale of goods and services produced by these enterprises in the conditions of free market relations.

This article provides a scientific-theoretical analysis of Darmonoy O‘rayeva’s views on Uzbek oral prose genres within the framework of global folkloristics. It examines her classification of oral prose into myth, legend, narrative, joke, and fairy tale based on functional, semantic, and aesthetic criteria. The article highlights the significance of the narrator-listener relationship in defining genre boundaries and discusses the division of Uzbek oral prose into two main groups: artistic and narrative-informative genres. O‘rayeva’s seven-criteria typology is emphasized as a modern, multi-dimensional approach that deepens the understanding of oral prose’s multifunctionality and serves as a solid theoretical basis for comparative folkloristics. The article underscores the necessity of integrating communicative, semantic, and functional perspectives in the study of folk oral creativity to ensure a systematic and analytical approach.

This article analyzes the role and significance of modern economic education technologies in the formation of students' technical thinking. In the context of the digital economy, the importance of innovative pedagogical approaches, information and communication technologies, project-based teaching and practical training in the effective organization of the educational process is highlighted. In addition, international experiences, particularly the STEAM concept, are reviewed in terms of integrating economics with technical thinking. The results of the study show that teaching economics with elements of technical thinking serves as an effective means of strengthening students' professional competencies and preparing them as competitive specialists in the labor market.

In an age where digital connectivity dominates nearly every aspect of life, concerns about its impact on mental health are growing. Excessive screen time, constant notifications, and social media dependency have been linked to increased levels of stress, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and reduced emotional well-being. This paper explores the concept of digital detox—the intentional disconnection from digital devices—and its psychological benefits. By analyzing recent research and expert findings, the study identifies how short- and long-term breaks from screens contribute to improved mood, enhanced focus, and better interpersonal relationships. The literature reveals that digital detox practices, even brief ones, can significantly reduce digital fatigue, promote mindfulness, and restore a healthier balance between online and offline life. Young people, especially students and professionals, appear to benefit the most, as they are often the most exposed to digital overstimulation. Through qualitative analysis and synthesis of scholarly sources, this paper highlights the importance of incorporating digital detox strategies into daily routines to support mental clarity and emotional resilience. Ultimately, the study suggests that regular disconnection from digital devices is not only beneficial but increasingly essential for maintaining psychological health in the modern digital age.

This article analyzes the importance of polymer composite materials in industry and their recycling methods. Mechanical (non-destructive) and chemical-thermal (destructive) disposal methods are considered, as well as their environmental and economic efficiency. The prospects for biodegradation in polymer waste management are also discussed. Recycling is an important way to reduce the environmental impact of polymer waste.

Jurakhan Sultanov is a person who occupies a special place in the history of Uzbek culture and art. His life and work are important in illuminating the cultural environment of his time, preserving and developing national traditions and values. Among many artists and composers, Jurakhan Sultanov is remarkable for his unique style, deep spirituality and works enriched with a national spirit. His work is not only valued as a treasure of Uzbek musical culture, but also serves as a source of joy and inspiration for the general public. Through this article, an attempt is made to detail the life, creative work of Jurakhan Sultanov and his contributions to music.

This article discusses the importance, ways and prospects of implementing risk-based internal audit in enterprises. In particular, it discusses ways to increase the financial stability of enterprises through the use of risk-based internal audit.

The article examines the theoretical foundations, international approaches, and future prospects of environmental education policy. It highlights the interconnection between environmental policy and education, explores global experiences, and emphasizes the significance of education for sustainable development. According to the authors, the integration of policy and education is an essential condition for effectively addressing environmental challenges.

 This article is devoted to the creation of a cardiological dictionary based on cardiological terms and the classification of cardiological terminology based on the results of its theoretical and practical analysis.

In this article, one of the central problems of psychological and pedagogical theory is to consider the relationship between the education, upbringing and development of a preschool child.

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