Brain tumors represent one of the greatest challenges in neurosurgery and oncology, with treatment strategies varying significantly between adult and pediatric populations. Although both groups may present with similar neurological symptoms, their biological characteristics, molecular profiles, treatment responses, and long-term outcomes differ markedly. In adults, high-grade gliomas such as glioblastoma dominate, often requiring aggressive multimodal therapy yet yielding limited survival benefits. In children, medulloblastomas, gliomas, and ependymomas are most prevalent, and therapy must account for the developing brain, long-term neurocognitive outcomes, and higher sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. This article reviews the fundamental differences in treatment between adult and pediatric brain tumors, focusing on epidemiology, clinical presentation, neurosurgical strategies, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and emerging targeted therapies. Understanding these distinctions is essential for developing age-specific therapeutic protocols, improving survival, and optimizing long-term quality of life.

brain tumors, adult neuro-oncology, pediatric neuro-oncology, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, neurosurgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, precision medicine.

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