Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are among the most widespread sexually transmitted infections worldwide, with significant oncogenic potential, particularly in the development of cervical carcinoma. HPV is a small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus with tropism to epithelial cells, where it can cause latent, productive, or transforming infections. More than 200 genotypes of HPV have been identified, of which high-risk types such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 are strongly associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. Early detection and prevention strategies, including molecular diagnostics, cytological screening, and vaccination, have significantly reduced HPV-related disease burden in many countries. However, in developing regions, including Uzbekistan, challenges remain in terms of population awareness, accessibility of diagnostic methods, and implementation of vaccination programs. This article reviews the structure and replication of HPV, its role in carcinogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and current prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of strengthening HPV control measures in Central Asia.

Human papillomavirus, HPV, cervical cancer, oncogenic types, diagnosis, prevention, vaccination

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