Thyroid gland disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, represent a multifaceted spectrum of endocrine pathologies with profound systemic ramifications. This article elucidates the etiopathogenic mechanisms underlying hypothyroid states, integrating genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors to present a comprehensive model of disease onset and progression. Emphasis is placed on autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) as the predominant driver of primary hypothyroidism in iodine-replete regions, as well as on central (secondary/tertiary) hypothyroid conditions resulting from hypothalamic–pituitary axis dysfunction. The clinical significance of hypothyroidism is analyzed with respect to its multisystem impact—cardiovascular, metabolic, neuropsychiatric, and reproductive domains. This synthesis aims to bridge pathophysiological theory with practical relevance, offering a framework for improved diagnosis, prognostication, and therapeutic strategies in thyroid dysfunction.

Thyroid disorders; hypothyroidism; etiopathogenesis; autoimmune thyroiditis; central hypothyroidism; systemic effects

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