This article explores the significance of financial instruments and various sources of credit in enhancing household income, particularly in the context of developing and transitional economies. It demonstrates how access to savings, microfinance, insurance, loans, and capital market tools contributes to income growth, financial stability, and poverty reduction. Drawing on scientific findings from the World Bank, IMF, and OECD, the study emphasizes the positive impact of financial inclusion on household welfare, while also highlighting risks such as over-indebtedness, interest rate volatility, and low financial literacy.

Financial instruments, household income, credit sources, financial inclusion, microfinance, savings, insurance, capital markets, digital finance, financial literacy.

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