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| Open Access | CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: FOCUS ON DIABETES AND THYROID DISEASES
Yi Qiang Wang , Medical researcherAbstract
Endocrinology, the study of hormones and their physiological effects, plays a central role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various metabolic and systemic disorders. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the key endocrine disorders, recent diagnostic methods, and therapeutic innovations. It highlights the importance of integrating clinical practice with laboratory advances to improve patient outcomes.
Keywords
endocrinology, hormonal disorders, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, adrenal glands, hormone replacement therapy
References
American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 47(Suppl 1).
European Society of Endocrinology. (2023). Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol.
Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, et al. (2020). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. McGraw-Hill.
Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM. (2022). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Elsevier.
WHO. (2021). Global report on diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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