During the production of knitted fabrics, shrinkage may occur under mechanical stress. Also, when wet , warmed up processing to give  under the influence of , to knitwear decoration to give in the process  gravity to the body comes . Knitting of the fabric thickness item to the construction impact The essence of the design process is to determine the dimensions and shape of the parts of the product and arrange them in a single plane. To solve this task on a computer, the complex shape of the product is divided into separate parts and the design work is carried out sequentially.

Chronic pain is a persistent and multifactorial medical condition that lasts beyond normal tissue healing time, usually for more than three months. Unlike acute pain - which serves a biological warning function—chronic pain often becomes a disease in its own right, with complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors. It significantly impairs an individual’s physical capabilities, emotional balance, and social engagement. This paper aims to analyze the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, psychosocial impacts, and evidence-based management approaches of chronic pain. Recent studies highlight that both peripheral and central sensitization play key roles, while effective management demands a multidisciplinary strategy integrating pharmacological therapy, psychological intervention, and physical rehabilitation.

This study investigates the improvement of ecological logistics flows within corporate freight transportation systems in Uzbekistan. Using a combination of system analysis, statistical evaluation, mathematical modeling, and expert assessment, the research identifies the main environmental inefficiencies in current logistics operations and proposes sustainable optimization strategies. The study introduces a complex indicator for assessing ecological efficiency that integrates factors such as CO₂ emissions, fuel efficiency, renewable energy utilization, and waste recycling rates. Empirical data from 2020–2024, sourced from the Ministry of Transport and major logistics companies, reveal that digitalization, alternative fuel use, and “green warehouse” concepts significantly enhance ecological logistics performance. The findings contribute to developing a practical model for integrating environmental responsibility into corporate logistics strategies and achieving sustainable transport goals in Uzbekistan.

Phraseology has an incomparable contribution to the formation  language as an integral part of any language and its own treasure. This article covers issues such as the formation of lexical skills through phraseology in English and further enhancing the means, affectivity of the sentence.

In this article, the innovative model of learning technology is a set of knowledge, methods, techniques and technologies of learning aimed at achieving the intended goals and achievements. The requirements for methodological knowledge imposed on curricula cannot be verified for compliance with their content, which entails significant changes in the methodological sciences required for their development.In this sense, Sunni Muslims believe that Islam is a religion based on the belief that Islam is a religion, not a religion. In order for such tactics to be implemented, it is necessary that there are no problems with capturing the ball in the game. I need to make it clear that I don't want to be a victim.

This article examines the trends and developments in digital marketing in the e-commerce sector . It emphasizes the role of digital technologies and promotion tools in improving the efficiency of online sales and developing competitive advantages for companies. Particular attention is paid to areas such as the use of Big Data , artificial intelligence (AI), content personalization, and marketing process automation are explored. The prospects for digital marketing development in the context of increasing digitalization and changing consumer behavior are also analyzed.

This article investigates the theoretical and practical aspects of financial statement auditing and the ways to improve its effectiveness in the context of modern economic transformations. It examines the objectives, principles, and standards of auditing, identifies challenges in audit practices, and proposes methods to enhance transparency, reliability, and efficiency in financial reporting. A comparative approach is applied to analyze both international and local auditing practices, highlighting the importance of harmonization with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). The article argues that continuous improvement of financial statement audit is essential to ensure corporate accountability, protect the interests of stakeholders, and strengthen trust in the financial system.

This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of applying modern, innovative, and digitally-based non-traditional teaching methods in the methodological training of future primary school teachers. The study introduces new methodological approaches such as “digital reflection”, “virtual collaboration”, “AI-assisted teaching”, “gamified methodological training”, and “micro-teaching simulator”, which correspond to the educational trends of 2025. These approaches aim to enhance future teachers’ competencies in independent thinking, rapid problem-solving, effective use of digital tools, and creative methodological decision-making. Moreover, the paper proposes a new model for analyzing and improving methodological training through artificial intelligence support.

In today’s information-oriented society, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. Adolescents, in particular, are among the most active users of these technologies. Adolescence is a sensitive stage in human development marked by significant psychological and social formation. During this period, adolescents strive to understand the world around them, find their place in it, and develop a unique identity. Thus, social media plays a major role in this process.

The Internet is an indispensable part of modern life and is considered the most widespread global network that provides access to clear and relevant information across all fields. It enables us to understand concepts that were previously vague or difficult to grasp. There is no doubt that the demand for internet access continues to grow daily.

As a global network, the Internet provides various conveniences through services in the form of text, images, audio, video, and more. At the same time, it is also true that it inadvertently draws people—especially adolescents—into a virtual world.

The article examines modern directions for improving tax accounting in private enterprises of Uzbekistan. The focus is on the digitalization of tax administration, automation of accounting processes, and professional development of specialists. The aim of the study is to identify effective measures and tools that contribute to the improvement and simplification of tax accounting. The research methods include analysis, comparison, and systematization of practical experience in the private sector. The results provide specific recommendations for enhancing tax accounting practices under current economic conditions.

This study investigates the performance efficiency of polycarbonate-based solar concentrators under the climatic conditions of the Mirzacho‘l region in Uzbekistan, characterized by high solar irradiance and low humidity. A parabolic concentrator made of UV-protected polycarbonate was experimentally tested and compared with a conventional aluminum-based reflector of identical geometry. Experiments were conducted during July–August 2024, with solar radiation ranging from 940 to 1020 W/m² and ambient temperatures reaching +38°C.

The findings indicate that the polycarbonate concentrator achieved an average thermal efficiency of 59 ±1.6%, only slightly lower than the aluminum model (62 ±2.0%), while being 46% lighter and 50% more cost-effective. The optical quality of the polycarbonate surface remained 97% stable over two months of exposure, confirming the effectiveness of UV-protective coatings. Statistical analysis verified a confidence interval within ±2%, ensuring the scientific reliability of the results.

The study demonstrates that polycarbonate materials can serve as an economical and durable alternative to traditional metals for solar concentrator systems, particularly in hot and arid environments like Mirzacho‘l. The outcomes are directly applicable to the development of energy-efficient solar heaters, dryers, and greenhouse systems within Uzbekistan’s renewable energy framework.

This article prоvides an extensive analysis оf the cоllоquial style and its spheres оf applicatiоn. Based оn the views of linguists such as E. Begmatоv, B. Urinbоyev, M. Tursunpulatоv, G. Mahmudоva, and S. Xоldоrоva, the paper discusses the essence оf cоllоquial speech, its distinctive features, and lexical layers. Special attentiоn is given tо diminutive fоrms, dialectal units, jargоn, tabоо and euphemistic expressiоns, as well as reduplicative and imitative wоrds as active elements оf cоllоquial vоcabulary. The article emphasizes that cоllоquial style is characterized by dialоgic, infоrmal, spоntaneоus, and situatiоnal features, making it the primary fоrm оf everyday cоmmunicatiоn. It alsо highlights the use оf elliptical sentences, the rоle оf intоnatiоn in enhancing expressiveness, and the impоrtance оf interjectiоns, abbreviatiоns, and phraseоlоgical units as lively means оf expressiоn. Furthermоre, examples frоm literary wоrks are analyzed tо shоw hоw cоllоquial style increases emоtiоnal impact. Cоmparative apprоaches tо stylistic classificatiоns in wоrld linguistics are presented, cоncluding with the argument that cоllоquial style represents a significant part оf nоn-standard vоcabulary.

 The article analyzes the problem of perception of television journalism in the framework of intercultural communication from a linguocultural perspective. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the perception of television information, the model of trust in it and cultural thinking in different cultures (Uzbekistan, France, Japan and Russia). Based on the theories of intercultural communication and social space of scientists such as Edward Hall, Geert Hofstede and Pierre Bourdieu, the paradigm of high and low context cultures is applied to the process of media perception. The study shows the differences in cultural codes based on the results of a sociological survey conducted by the Uzbek University of Journalism and Mass Communications in 2023, as well as content analysis of the channels France 24, NHK, "Uzbekistan 24" and "Russia 1". The results show that television journalism is not just a system for transmitting information in each country, but also a socio-cultural mechanism that expresses national culture and determines audience trust.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of stress on women’s reproductive health and its clinical significance. Reproductive health is a state that reflects the harmonious functioning of hormonal, physiological, and psychological balance in a woman’s body, directly determining her fertility potential. Research shows that chronic stress suppresses the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis, reduces the secretion of gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH), and consequently leads to ovulation disorders, menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea, infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and endometriosis. Furthermore, during stress, the levels of cortisol and prolactin increase, disrupting the balance of estrogen and progesterone, which exacerbates reproductive dysfunctions. The article examines in detail the physiological, hormonal, and psychological mechanisms of stress, their effects on the female body, and approaches to reducing stress and restoring reproductive health through psychological, medical, and lifestyle-based interventions. In conclusion, it is emphasized that controlling stress and creating a mentally healthy environment are key preventive factors in maintaining women’s reproductive health.

The dependent responsibility of random quantities is one of the most important factors in probability theory, which is to significantly transfer the dependence of events. This article discusses the concept of independent random variables, their definitions, properties, and some fundamental results related to independence in probability theory. The independence of random variables plays a crucial role in algebraic probability models, mathematical statistics, and stochastic processes. The paper presents theoretical explanations along with illustrative examples that show how the independence of random variables simplifies the analysis of complex probabilistic systems.

This article presents literature data on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention of endometritis in cows.

The article analyzes the production process of silk cocoons from mulberry silkworms and their quality indicators. Main stages of cocoon production, technological processes and factors affecting product quality are identified. The influence of different silkworm breeds, feeding conditions and cocoon spinning period on raw silk quality is studied. Practical recommendations are provided for obtaining high-quality cocoons and developing sericulture industry.

This study examines the econometric and statistical relationship between strategic planning implementation and enterprise performance in Uzbekistan’s construction industry. Using data from “SANEG Construction” RCC for the period 2022–2024, the research evaluates how planning efficiency influences profitability, cost optimization, and overall resource utilization. An econometric model integrating regression, correlation, and variance analysis is applied to assess the quantitative impact of strategic management practices. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant and positive relationship between structured strategic planning and enterprise performance, while also revealing the moderating role of financial risk.

Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model for the early detection and diagnosis of thyroid cancer using clinical, imaging, and cytological data.

Methods: A dataset of 1,200 thyroid patients (740 benign, 460 malignant) collected between 2018 and 2023 from three tertiary hospitals was analyzed. Key features included demographic data, thyroid function tests, ultrasound parameters, and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology reports. Several machine learning algorithms—logistic regression, random forest, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs)—were trained and validated. Model performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve (AUC).

Results: The CNN model achieved the best diagnostic accuracy (94.6%), with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 96.1%, outperforming conventional models. The AI system demonstrated reliable differentiation between benign and malignant nodules using ultrasound and cytology images.

Conclusion: The proposed AI model provides a promising non-invasive tool for early thyroid cancer detection and diagnostic support. Integration of AI systems into routine endocrinological practice can improve clinical decision-making and reduce diagnostic errors.

Deardorff (2006) presents a model to visualize the components and desired outcomes of intercultural competence. This model is created from the list of components of intercultural competence and visualizes them in a framework with different levels, or a hierarchy of needs, to process the skills required for intercultural competence. In both Byram’s and Deardorff’s accounts of intercultural competence, attitudes are the fundamental starting point to acquisition.

 This research examines how employee training programs impact job performance in automobile manufacturing plants. In a highly competitive industrial environment, training and development are vital tools for improving operational efficiency and workforce adaptability. This study evaluates how structured and ongoing training programs influence employees’ technical proficiency, work discipline, and responsiveness to technological advancements in manufacturing. The results reveal that well-designed training initiatives lead to notable improvements in productivity, work quality, and employee engagement. Moreover, aligning training with strategic organizational goals enhances innovation, reduces production errors, and promotes cohesive teamwork. Ultimately, investing in employee development not only boosts individual performance but also contributes to the sustainable growth and competitiveness of automotive manufacturing organizations.

The article examines digitalization as a pivotal catalyst in the advancement of international green transport corridors. It underscores the imperative for a comprehensive global reconceptualization of business paradigms and accentuates the enhancement of corporate efficiency through the optimization and digital transformation of operational processes.

The shift from traditional grammar-based methods to Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has profoundly transformed the nature of language education and, more importantly, the role of the teacher within the classroom. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the teacher’s role in the communicative classroom, emphasizing the transition from a teacher-centered to a learner-centered paradigm. Drawing upon the works of Hymes (1972), Canale and Swain (1980), Littlewood (1981), and Richards and Rodgers (2001), the study explores how teachers function as facilitators, guides, organizers, motivators, and evaluators in promoting communicative competence. It highlights that teachers are not merely transmitters of knowledge but active participants who create meaningful contexts for authentic interaction. The paper also discusses the challenges teachers encounter in implementing CLT and proposes strategies to enhance their effectiveness. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that the success of communicative classrooms depends largely on teachers’ ability to balance fluency and accuracy, autonomy and guidance, and control and flexibility.

This article analyzes the formation and development of bilingual consciousness from the perspective of a linguocognitive approach. The study explains interference and conceptual synthesis as the main mechanisms of bilingual thinking. The article analyzes the interaction of conceptual systems specific to both languages, the processes of semantic transfer and integration, and sheds light on the complex, dynamic and creative nature of bilingual consciousness. It also scientifically reveals the interrelationship between language and thinking in a bilingual person, the formation of new meaning structures through a cognitive interface. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the phenomenon of bilingualism in the context of language theory, psycholinguistics, and cognitive sciences.

This article analyzes the role of metaphor in the language system, its semantic and cognitive nature, and its functional significance in speech. The paper examines historical interpretations of metaphor — from Aristotle to modern cognitive approaches — and compares its rhetorical and conceptual perspectives. Various types of metaphors, such as visual, absolute, complex, root, conceptual, dead, and mixed metaphors, are illustrated with examples. Furthermore, the cognitive, communicative, and pragmatic functions of metaphors, as well as their cultural and semantic meanings, are explored.

The translation of common law terminology into the Uzbek civil law context presents significant challenges due to conceptual, lexical, and systemic differences between the two legal frameworks. This study investigates these challenges through a qualitative-descriptive methodology, including document analysis, surveys of professional legal translators, and expert interviews. The analysis revealed that lexical gaps, conceptual discrepancies, and contextual ambiguities are the most prevalent issues, often requiring paraphrasing, explanatory notes, or borrowing from foreign legal terminology. Experienced translators were found to employ more effective strategies, ensuring accurate and comprehensible translations. The study emphasizes the need for standardized legal translation guidelines, specialized training programs, and institutional support to enhance translation accuracy. Findings contribute to improving cross-legal communication and the development of robust legal translation practices in Uzbekistan.

With the globalization of cyberspace and the increasing digitalization of human activities, the collection of digital evidence has become a cornerstone of modern criminal justice. Yet, this process is fraught with obstacles arising from data volatility, encryption, jurisdictional fragmentation, and privacy regulations. This article examines the fundamental challenges in obtaining and authenticating digital evidence and explores how international cooperation frameworks—such as the Budapest Convention and mutual legal assistance treaties—serve as mechanisms to overcome these barriers. Using a qualitative legal-analytical method grounded in comparative international law, the study highlights inconsistencies between national legislations and demonstrates that no state can effectively investigate digital crimes in isolation. The paper argues that harmonized international standards and enhanced cross-border data-sharing frameworks are essential to ensure the reliability, admissibility, and timeliness of digital evidence in transnational criminal proceedings.

 This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of the forming of cultural values   among students, the role of pedagogical methods and ways to effectively apply them in the educational process. The article widely covers the issues of enrichment of the educational process on the basis of the concept of cultural values, their significance in the developing of personality, methods of moral and cultural education in modern education, interactive and competency approaches.

This paper examines how modern machine-learning techniques are reshaping consumer credit scoring and what legal-regulatory guardrails are required to keep accuracy accountable. It argues that, in tabular lending contexts, ensemble models (e.g., gradient-boosted trees) deliver meaningful lifts over traditional logistics while remaining compatible with faithful, applicant-level explanations (e.g., SHAP). The core risks are opacity, drift, and disparate impacts—problems that cannot be solved by technical fixes alone but must be governed through clear model-risk controls, documented fairness choices, auditable data lineage, and reason-code specificity. Surveying leading regimes, the paper highlights the EU AI Act’s “high-risk” obligations for creditworthiness assessment, U.S. expectations under ECOA/Reg B and SR 11-7/OCC model-risk guidance, MAS FEAT/Veritas operationalization, and BIS/BCBS prudential concerns about correlated model failures. Against this backdrop, Uzbekistan’s existing statutes on personal data, consumer credit, and credit histories provide an enabling legal scaffold. The paper proposes targeted secondary rules—explainability standards tied to actual computations, ex-ante fairness metrics and monitoring, mandatory drift detection with challenger models, and full vendor oversight—to align innovation with due process. Done well, AI scoring can expand inclusion, strengthen dignity through actionable explanations, and enhance system resilience without trading off consumer protection.

In this article, Isajon Sulton’s novel "The Eternal Wanderer" is analyzed as a vivid example of postmodernist elements in contemporary Uzbek literature. The aim of the study is to identify the artistic and aesthetic principles employed in the work, explain them theoretically, and evaluate them as a new creative direction in national literature. For this purpose, comparative-analytical, semantic, and hermeneutic methods are applied to consistently analyze the intertextuality, fragmentation, ironic tone, metatextuality, and multilayered interpretation of the novel. During the research, quotations from the work are compared with theoretical perspectives, and the philosophical, spiritual, and social layers of the text are systematically interpreted.

This article provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the impact of dietary habits on dental health. It examines how the quality and quantity of daily food intake, including the composition of consumed foods and their usage patterns, affect tooth enamel and the oral microbiome. The article highlights the role of sugars, acids, and other food components—particularly sugary and acidic products—in the development of dental caries, enamel damage, and the proliferation of harmful oral bacteria. Furthermore, the importance of a diet rich in vitamins and minerals—especially calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins A, C, and D—in strengthening teeth and maintaining oral health is discussed. Healthy nutrition not only strengthens tooth enamel but also ensures the health of the oral mucosa and enhances immunity. The article also explores the connection between diet and oral hygiene, emphasizing that proper and balanced eating habits combined with regular and correct dental care help prevent dental diseases such as caries and inflammation. Excessive consumption of sugary products and poor dietary habits negatively affect dental health and increase the risk of oral diseases. This article is based on modern scientific research, dental practice results, and nutritional recommendations, emphasizing the importance of proper dietary culture in maintaining dental health. It aims to provide readers with practical guidelines on improving oral hygiene, paying attention to dietary habits, and preventing oral diseases. Additionally, it stresses the importance of a comprehensive approach to shaping a healthy lifestyle and strengthening oral and dental health.

Learning a second language at an early age provides children with lifelong cognitive, social, and academic benefits. Early bilingualism enhances brain development, improves problem-solving skills, and boosts creativity by strengthening neural connections. It also fosters cultural awareness, empathy, and communication across diverse communities in an increasingly globalized world. Moreover, children who learn a second language early often show improved academic performance, particularly in reading and mathematics, as well as stronger memory and multitasking abilities. Introducing language learning during the formative years ensures that pronunciation, accent, and fluency develop naturally and effortlessly. Therefore, early foreign language education is not only a valuable academic goal but also an essential investment in shaping globally competent, open-minded individuals.

This article covers the importance of pedagogical technologies in the process of modern education and the role of the teacher in the formation of professional competence. The article analyzes the possibilities of improving the effectiveness of the educational process by correctly selecting and introducing pedagogical technologies into practice. Also, special attention is paid to the concept of professional competence, its main components and requirements for a modern teacher.

 This article examines the critical issue of endangered languages, exploring the criteria for classification and providing global statistics on language endangerment. It highlights the multifaceted causes of language endangerment, including sociopolitical factors, globalization, and cultural assimilation, and discusses the profound consequences these losses have on cultural identity, knowledge systems, and biodiversity. Furthermore, the paper reviews various revitalization efforts undertaken worldwide, emphasizing community-driven initiatives, educational programs, and policy interventions aimed at preserving linguistic diversity. By synthesizing current research and case studies, this article underscores the urgency of addressing language endangerment and advocates for collaborative strategies that empower communities to revitalize their linguistic heritage.

This article examines the processes of identifying and monitoring patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through modern diagnostic and laboratory methods. In particular, it discusses biochemical, immunological, and molecular methods used before, during, and after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to evaluate its effectiveness, as well as the laboratory infrastructure implemented in Uzbekistan. The study methodology is based on a review of literature and analysis of national statistical data. The main section presents the stages of testing, various test systems, diagnostic strategies, and monitoring approaches in detail. The analysis and results section provides evidence on the current state of laboratory infrastructure and testing systems in Uzbekistan. The conclusion highlights the importance of modern diagnostic methods and outlines the existing challenges and recommendations for their implementation in clinical practice.

This paper explores the advantages of using the educational platform Kahoot for teaching medical institute students the subject of “Physiology.” In modern medical education, where technology and interactivity play a central role, Kahoot represents an innovative digital tool that enhances active learning and motivation. The integration of gamified quizzes and real-time assessment enables students to better understand and retain complex physiological concepts.

Kahoot promotes engagement through interactive competition, encourages collaborative learning, and supports educators with analytical data for tracking student progress. Compared to traditional teaching methods, the use of Kahoot fosters a dynamic learning environment, improves comprehension, and increases motivation to study physiological mechanisms more deeply.

This article discusses raising awareness among future primary school teachers about current issues in education, namely the theoretical and methodological foundations of nurturing highly spiritual youth, the essence of pedagogical axiology, the relevance of developing spirituality and culture in young people in an information society, the spiritual world of the family in which an individual is formed, and the content and essence of educational work conducted by teachers in this regard. It also addresses the effectiveness of pedagogical activity in familiarizing future teachers with these concepts.

This article analyzes the problem of perceiving television journalism within the framework of intercultural communication from a linguoculturological perspective. The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between the reception of television information, the model of trust in media, and cultural thinking in different countries (Uzbekistan, France, Japan, and Russia). Based on the theories of intercultural communication and the social field developed by scholars such as Edward Hall, Geert Hofstede, and Pierre Bourdieu, the paradigm of high- and low-context cultures is applied to the media perception process. The study draws on the results of a sociological survey conducted in 2023 by the University of Journalism and Mass Communications of Uzbekistan, as well as a content analysis of the channels France 24, NHK, “Uzbekistan 24,” and “Russia 1,” to demonstrate differences in cultural codes. The findings indicate that in each country, television journalism functions not merely as an information delivery system but as a socio-cultural mechanism that reflects national culture and shapes audience trust.

This article analyzes strategies for improving the quality of teaching Russian as a Foreign Language (RFL) at the university level. It identifies the limitations of traditional grammar-translation methods and advocates for a holistic, systemic shift. This includes integrating communicative language teaching (CLT), digital technologies, and deep socio-cultural immersion. The discussion emphasizes that quality enhancement depends on institutional support for modern teacher training, flexible curricula tailored to Language for Specific Purposes (LSP), and the implementation of authentic assessment methods that measure true communicative and intercultural competence.

The article explores the economic essence and significance of investments as a key factor in ensuring sustainable economic development. Investments are analyzed as a crucial mechanism for expanding production, improving competitiveness, and fostering innovation in various sectors of the economy. The study classifies the main types of investments — real, financial, intellectual, and social — and provides insights into their distinctive features and functions. Special attention is given to the sources of investment financing, including internal (own funds, depreciation, profit) and external (bank loans, state funds, foreign direct investments, and securities markets) sources. The article also highlights the role of investment policy in creating a favorable investment climate and in supporting the balanced growth of national and regional economies. The findings underscore that the effective use and management of investment resources directly determine the pace of economic modernization and social welfare.

 This article explores the critical pedagogical imperatives for integrating environmental education into preschool educational organizations (PEOs). It focuses on the formative years as the ideal period to cultivate foundational pro-environmental attitudes, specifically targeting the conservation of water resources and broader ecological protection. The discussion synthesizes constructivist and socio-cultural learning theories to advocate for a holistic, play-based, and experiential approach. This model moves beyond simple instruction, emphasizing the PEO's role as a "living curriculum" where daily routines, teacher modeling, and place-based learning transform abstract concepts like water scarcity and conservation into tangible, actionable habits. This early intervention is presented as essential for fostering a generation of ecologically literate and responsible citizens.

 This article considers options for the reconstruction of the Sharkhi hydroelectric complex, taking into account waterand energy saving, based on the results of a technical and economic comparison of which the most economical option for the reconstruction of the Sharkhi hydroelectric complex is proposed, which consists in rebuilding the shield part of the dam in order to equip its openings and spillway structures with automatic hydraulic water level gates, and the openings of water intake structures water flow stabilizers, which will ensure waterand energy saving when water is withdrawn from the river.

This article explores effective methods of teaching language through the use of English and Uzbek proverbs. Proverbs are concise expressions of wisdom, culture, and social norms that reflect the linguistic and cultural heritage of a nation. By integrating proverbs into language teaching, educators can enhance students’ vocabulary, deepen their understanding of syntax and semantics, and develop their communicative competence in both English and Uzbek. The study emphasizes the pedagogical value of proverbs in fostering critical thinking, promoting cross-cultural awareness, and improving students’ ability to interpret figurative language. Various teaching techniques, including comparative analysis, context-based exercises, and interactive discussions, are analyzed to demonstrate how proverbs can be effectively used as instructional tools. The article also discusses the challenges teachers face when incorporating proverbs into the curriculum and provides practical recommendations for maximizing their educational impact. This approach contributes not only to linguistic proficiency but also to students’ cultural literacy and appreciation of literary heritage.

 This article examines the ways to achieve competitive advantage by improving the economic efficiency of enterprises. It highlights key factors of efficiency, including the rational use of resources, implementation of innovative technologies, cost reduction, and improvement of management systems. The paper also analyzes mechanisms for ensuring sustainable competitiveness of enterprises in both domestic and international markets.

This article analyzes the linguistic features of terms as a special layer of vocabulary in a language. It discusses the origin, structure, semantic characteristics, and functional peculiarities of terms used in various scientific fields. Particular attention is given to the processes of term formation, including borrowing, word formation, abbreviation, and semantic extension. The study emphasizes the importance of linguistic accuracy and standardization in terminology to ensure clarity and efficiency in scientific communication. Furthermore, the paper highlights the role of globalization and technological advancement in the enrichment and transformation of modern terminology systems. Comparative examples from Uzbek and international linguistic practices are also provided to illustrate the dynamics of term development.

Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, accompanied by the destruction of supporting tissues of the teeth. Modern treatment methods are aimed not only at eliminating inflammation but also at restoring periodontal structure. This study investigated the effectiveness of the combined use of hyaluronic acid and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of moderate chronic generalized periodontitis. A clinical observation of 60 patients was conducted, divided into a control and study group. The study group received a combination of standard treatment with hyaluronic acid applications and photodynamic laser therapy (λ = 660 nm). The results showed a significant improvement in clinical and microbiological parameters in patients in the study group. The combined method demonstrated anti-inflammatory, regenerative, and antimicrobial effects, ensuring long-term disease remission.

The article discusses key approaches to improving brand performance in a modern market economy. Internal and external factors influencing the brand's perception by consumers are analyzed, and practical tools are offered to strengthen its market position. The paper focuses on the Uzbek experience of brand management and integration of international methodologies, taking into account national specifics.

Listening comprehension is one of the most essential yet challenging skills for language learners. This study explores how multimedia resources—such as videos, podcasts, and interactive applications—enhance learners’ listening comprehension. The findings show that combining visual and auditory materials significantly improves students’ understanding, motivation, and engagement in language learning.

Learning foreign languages offers many advantages that go beyond communication. This study examines the cognitive, social and professionals of multilingualism. By examining university literature, statistical data and survey results, improvements in mental flexibility, cultural understanding and career prospects are highlighted in work. The results indicate that people who learn foreign languages, improved cognitive functions, better social integration and higher employment capacity. Multilingualism is therefore an important capacity in the interconnected world today.

This article analyzes the education system of Singapore as one of the most successful and innovative models in the world. The study focuses on the main factors contributing to its effectiveness, including strategic educational policy, teacher training systems, digitalization of learning, and the integration of lifelong learning principles. The research also explores the pedagogical prospects of applying elements of Singapore’s experience to the modernization of the education system in Uzbekistan. The findings highlight the importance of international cooperation, teacher professionalism, and competence-based learning in achieving sustainable educational development.

In this article, the importance of national values in improving the qualifications of foreign language teachers in the process of globalization is analyzed on a scientific and theoretical basis. In the course of the study, the pedagogical and methodological possibilities of integrating national values into the educational process were considered, and their positive influence on students' acquisition of a foreign language, the development of cultural competence, and the strengthening of motivation was highlighted. It was also noted that professional development programs based on national values serve the formation of innovative methods, a reflexive approach, and creative pedagogical skills in the activities of teachers. The research results indicate the need to continue empirical research in this direction.

This article addresses the issues of developing communication competence in children with special needs in the context of inclusive education. Communication competence is crucial for children's social integration and academic success, with individual approaches and innovative methods playing a significant role in its development. The research analyzes the importance of multimodal approaches, differential methods, collaborative learning for children with special needs, as well as the effectiveness of extracurricular activities.

The current article explores the return of “To Kill a Mockingbird” (1960) by American novelist Harper Lee, in “Jasper Jones” by Australian writer Craig Silvey (2009). The two novels are analyzed by contextual connection. Both novels employ the coming-of-age genre, sharing ample similarities. However, there are noticeable differences between the two. The current article deals with relationships between the two novels by analyzing the recurrence of the symbol of “Mockingbird”. It first deals with protagonists’ Losing Innocence, then extends to Social Racism towards the Vulnerable Heroes in both novels, and finalizes with varieties at the end of the day.

The article discusses the term robotics and its role in the digital economy, as well as the annual automation rate of countries. It can be seen that the growth of cloud technologies is compared to traditional IT spending.

This essay will discuss the relative efficacy of the conventional language teaching (in-person teaching, textbook teaching, grammar-translation, etc.) and digital and blended learning techniques in the modern digital age. Based on the analysis of empirical research, the mixed-method research, and current findings of Uzbekistan and other settings, the given study explores the outcomes of the learners, engagement, motivational factors, and real constraints. The results show that, although traditional techniques are still useful, especially in grammar, writing, and placing a text within a wider cultural context, they are less adaptable and not as interesting. The most efficient solution is a mixed method of using both traditional and digital methods. There are implications to the Uzbekistan foreign language teachers.

This research investigates gendered politeness strategies in relation to cultural variations across different societies. The primary concern is to reveal potential cultural variations in politeness, and more importantly, to explore to what extent gendered politeness is dependent on, in other words, a part of, cultural and societal systems. Three levels of factors interplay and crosscut gendered politeness: they are gender, cultural and language systems as well as cultural and societal contexts.

This article analyzes the development of the epic genre up to the 20th century and the role of Western literature in this process. The impact of Western literary heritage on the formation and evolution of the epic genre, as well as the changes in its artistic style and themes up to the 20th century, are discussed. During the study, the transformation of the genre was examined in historical, cultural, and literary contexts, revealing how Western literature contributed to the emergence of new forms and trends within the epic genre.

This article explores the effectiveness of interactive methods in teaching English pronunciation within modern language classrooms. It discusses how activities such as role-play, pair work, pronunciation games, minimal pair drills, shadowing, and digital technologies contribute to the development of segmental and suprasegmental phonetic features. The findings demonstrate that interactive approaches increase learner motivation, reduce speaking anxiety, enhance retention, and improve pronunciation accuracy in authentic communication contexts.

This article explores the innovative strategies currently being implemented in Uzbekistan's tourism industry and evaluates the country’s potential for future development. It examines how modern technologies, digital transformation, infrastructure development, and government-led initiatives are reshaping the tourism sector. By analyzing the progress made in recent years and comparing it with global trends, this study highlights Uzbekistan’s emerging position as a competitive and attractive destination for both regional and international tourists.

The heart is a vital organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the human body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to all tissues. Heart diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide and include conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, and congenital heart defects. These disorders can result from unhealthy lifestyles, poor diet, lack of physical activity, smoking, and stress. Early diagnosis, proper treatment, and preventive measures such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and avoidance of harmful habits can significantly reduce the risk of heart diseases. This article discusses the structure and function of the heart, common types of heart diseases, their causes, prevention, and treatment methods.

The translation of Uzbek literature into English represents a critical conduit for intercultural dialogue, bringing the rich tapestry of Central Asian thought, history, and aesthetics to a global audience. However, the linguistic and cultural distance between Uzbek, a Turkic language with deep Perso-Arabic and Soviet-Russian historical strata, and English, a global Germanic language, presents profound challenges. This article proposes a comprehensive, multi-tiered framework of criteria for the comparative analysis of Uzbek-English literary translations. Moving beyond simplistic notions of "fidelity," the framework is structured into three primary domains: "Linguistic-Cultural Criteria", "Textual-Pragmatic Criteria", and "Paratextual-Sociohistorical Criteria". Within these domains, we examine specific analytical points, including the treatment of agglutinative syntax, culturally-bound terms (e.g., "mahalla", "chardaq", "navruz"), honorifics, proverbs, and the translation of the distinct rhythmic and metaphorical systems of Uzbek poetry. The application of this framework is demonstrated through comparative case studies of existing translations of works by authors such as Abdullah Qodiriy, Chulpon, and Otabek Omon. The article argues that a rigorous comparative analysis, grounded in this detailed criteria set, is essential not only for evaluating the quality of individual translations but also for understanding the broader project of world literature and the dynamics of representing a "minor" culture through the lens of a hegemonic language. It concludes that the most successful translations are those that achieve a symbiotic balance between accessibility for the English-language reader and the preservation of the unique cultural and aesthetic "otherness" of the Uzbek source text.

Ultrasound diagnostics has revolutionized obstetric practice, offering a safe, non-invasive, and highly informative tool for monitoring maternal and fetal well-being. Since its introduction in the mid-20th century, ultrasonography has become an essential component of antenatal care, enabling early pregnancy confirmation, assessment of fetal growth, detection of anomalies, and guidance for interventional procedures. Real-time imaging provides valuable insights into gestational age, fetal viability, placental position, and amniotic fluid volume, thereby enhancing pregnancy outcomes. Doppler ultrasound further contributes by evaluating uteroplacental and fetal circulation, aiding in the detection of growth restriction and preeclampsia risks. This article explores the diverse clinical applications of ultrasound in obstetrics, including first-trimester screening, anomaly scans, and intrapartum monitoring. Additionally, it highlights the technological advancements of 3D/4D ultrasound and their role in improving diagnostic accuracy. The paper also addresses limitations such as operator dependency, false positives, and disparities in access to ultrasound services. A review of the literature underscores its role as a cornerstone of modern maternity care, bridging diagnostic precision with preventive strategies. The findings confirm that ultrasound, when used appropriately and ethically, significantly contributes to safe pregnancy management and the reduction of maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide.

This article analyzes Mahmud az-Zamakhshari's work "Rabi'al-Abror", a unique contribution to Khorezm's culture of the time. It reveals the social and spiritual world of individuals, as well as the socio-philosophical, economic, and political aspects of society. Furthermore, based on the specifics of that era, the development features of the Khorezm region are highlighted. Mahmud az-Zamakhshari's place in science, his views on the role of knowledge in elevating humanity to perfection, are also explored.

This article examines both theoretical and practical aspects of enhancing the effectiveness of environmental education through the application of innovative pedagogical technologies. The author highlights the role of contemporary pedagogical approaches in fostering ecological culture, analyzing the efficiency of various innovative methods, including interactive learning techniques, digital educational platforms, project-based learning, as well as simulation and virtual laboratories. Furthermore, the study explores how these methods influence students’ ecological awareness and deepen their understanding of environmental issues. The research findings provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of integrating innovative technologies in environmental education and contribute to the development of modern educational strategies that align with sustainable development goals.

This study examines the impact of digital technologies on the quality of economic education through comprehensive analysis. The research involved 320 students and 45 instructors from 8 higher education institutions. Results indicate that classes utilizing digital technologies demonstrated 58% improvement in academic performance, 72% increase in knowledge retention, and 65% enhancement in practical skills development. Simulation software and interactive platforms showed highest effectiveness. Regression analysis revealed strong positive correlation between digital tool usage and educational quality (r=0.81, p<0.001). Video lectures, online assessments, and gamification methods increased student motivation by 76%. Findings confirm the necessity of technological integration in contemporary economic education and provide practical recommendations for implementing pedagogical innovations. The study demonstrates that strategic deployment of digital technologies, combined with pedagogical innovation and instructor training, significantly enhances learning outcomes and prepares students for digitalized economic environments.

In recent decades, the use of digital technologies—especially those based on artificial intelligence (AI)—has significantly expanded in the field of education. During the process of teaching foreign languages, AI technologies have emerged as a key factor in increasing learning efficiency, personalizing educational materials, and creating interactive environments. At the same time, methodological and technical challenges related to the use of these technologies remain, which require solutions grounded in scientific approaches.This article explores the widespread application of AI in the field of linguistics, highlighting the main challenges and suggesting practical solutions. Furthermore, it provides recommendations for teachers and students on how to effectively use AI-based tools in foreign language education. The proposed recommendations aim to bridge the gap between technology and traditional teaching methods, offering a broader and more effective approach to language acquisition.Additionally, the article emphasizes the role of AI in increasing learner motivation and engagement in the learning process. By examining current practices and technological innovations, the paper aims to provide a clear understanding of how AI can be integrated into language education to improve the quality and accessibility of learning.

This article presents ideas and reflections on the introduction of artificial intelligence into the educational process and its role in improving the quality of education. In today’s rapidly developing world, every learner must keep pace with the times. Among the ideas aimed at developing the field of education, special attention is also given to artificial intelligence. The article discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence.

This article describes the didactic possibilities and pedagogical conditions for developing logical thinking and increasing social activity of primary school students, as well as for forming creative thinking in primary school students.

 The article describes the mechanisms for applying the principles of an integrated approach to training in the process of organizing and conducting physical education training.

Also, the tools and methods used in the process of physical education and sports training, the ways and rules for the coach to effectively use them are presented.

Teaching English to young people with disabilities requires innovative, inclusive, and flexible approaches that consider their individual needs and learning styles. The main goal is to create an environment where every learner can develop language skills effectively, regardless of physical, sensory, or cognitive limitations. Teachers should apply modern methods such as differentiated instruction, multisensory learning, and the use of assistive technologies to support communication and comprehension. Visual aids, interactive activities, and simplified materials can help students grasp vocabulary and grammar more easily. Moreover, emotional support and motivation play a crucial role in building learners’ confidence and willingness to communicate in English. Inclusive education not only enhances language proficiency but also promotes social integration, empathy, and equality among all students.

This article briefly describes the characteristics of a teacher in managing the pedagogical process, such as professional training, pedagogical skills and pedagogical-psychological knowledge.

Also, the teacher-educator's ability to take into account the individual characteristics of the student in the educational process, ways to achieve professional skills and methods of influencing students are presented.

in the state rassmatrivayutsya organizational-economic mechanisms integrated transport system (ITS) and signaling network. Issledovanie is based on an institutional and transactional analysis, as well as a principal-agent model. The results show that the synchronization of economic incentives and organizational structure, as well as the introduction of digital technology significantly increase the efficiency of the transport system.

Tutoring activities in higher education institutions (HEIs) are crucial for fostering academic success, personal growth, and overall student engagement. However, traditional tutoring methods often fail to meet the demands of modern students, who require innovative and flexible support systems. This article examines methods for developing creative approaches in tutoring practices within HEIs. The study identifies strategies such as gamification, digital tools, personalized mentoring, and collaborative learning as effective methods for enhancing tutors’ creativity. Data collected through surveys, interviews, and observations indicate that creative tutoring approaches improve student engagement by 40% and retention rates by 25%. The findings underscore the importance of institutional support, training, and resources in empowering tutors to adopt these methods effectively.  

This article discusses the current importance of STEAM technologies, their capabilities and achievements, and their advantages in the education system, as well as the activities of development centers in MTTs. This article can be used by students, free and independent researchers, and educators.

The Uzbekistan-2030 Strategy covers the development and improvement of logical thinking skills in older preschool children. The article presents theoretical foundations, methodological approaches and practical recommendations for the formation of logical thinking.

 This artible discusses the modern aspects of education and healthcare systems. Development directions, their legal basis, existing problems and ways to eliminate them are analyzed. Also, the best practices of foreign countries in the education and healthcare systems are studied and the possibilities of adapting them to the national system are considered. The article pays special attention to the issues of access to education and medical services as priority areas of state policy.

This article examines the reforms carried out in the field of natural sciences in primary education, focusing on their essence and role in improving education quality. It analyzes efforts to update educational standards, introduce modern methodologies, implement the STEAM approach, and enhance teacher qualifications. The article also highlights the effectiveness of interactive methods, experiments, and practical activities in developing scientific thinking among primary school students.

This article examines the production process of silk cocoons from mulberry silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) and analyzes their quality indicators. The study identifies key stages of cocoon production, technological processes, and factors affecting product quality. The influence of different silkworm breeds, nutritional conditions, and cocoon spinning periods on raw silk quality is investigated. Practical recommendations are provided for obtaining high-quality cocoons and advancing the sericulture industry. Research findings demonstrate that modern technologies and scientific approaches can significantly enhance both cocoon quality and production volumes.

This article explores the peculiarities of Gothic style in the works of Edgar Allan Poe, emphasizing his unique contributions to the American Gothic tradition. Unlike many of his English predecessors, Poe shifted the genre’s focus from external supernatural forces to internal psychological horror, portraying madness, guilt, and obsession with unparalleled depth. Through detailed analysis of key texts, including “The Fall of the House of Usher”, “The Tell-Tale Heart”, and “The Raven” the article identifies Poe’s thematic concerns with death, decay, isolation, and unreliable narrators. Structurally, Poe’s use of frame narratives, unity of effect, symbolism, and poetic language distinguishes his work from traditional Gothic fiction. The study draws on critical perspectives from both Western and Russian literary scholars to contextualize Poe’s innovations. Ultimately, the article argues that Poe redefined Gothic fiction by internalizing its horrors, making his work a foundational influence on modern psychological literature and existential horror.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically significant vegetable crops cultivated in the Khorezm region. Its agrocenoses are characterized by a diverse entomofauna that includes both pest and beneficial insect species. This study aimed to identify and analyze the composition, abundance, and ecological roles of entomofauna inhabiting tomato fields under the agro-climatic conditions of Khorezm. Field surveys were conducted during the 2024–2025 growing seasons using visual observation, sweep-netting, and pitfall trapping methods. A total of 38 insect species belonging to 22 families and 7 orders were recorded. The dominant pest species included Helicoverpa armigera, Tuta absoluta, Bemisia tabaci, and Aphis gossypii, while key beneficial insects were Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, and Apis mellifera. Seasonal population dynamics showed that pest density peaked during flowering and fruiting stages, coinciding with favorable temperature and humidity. The presence of natural predators and pollinators indicates the potential for integrated pest management (IPM) practices to reduce chemical pesticide dependency. The results contribute to understanding the structure and ecological balance of tomato agrocenoses in arid regions of Uzbekistan and provide practical recommendations for sustainable crop protection.

This article will scientifically analyze the historical roots of the traditional singing art that has developed in Uzbekistan, the peculiarities of the genre, the traditions of the teacher-student and the directions of its modern development. Through Singing, the spiritual heritage, artistic taste and socio-aesthetic values of the people are illuminated.

Solo singing is the art of a musician to express himself on stage, to influence the audience with his voice and art. This article will provide a detailed analysis of the history, development and influence of solo singing in Uzbek music on society.Musical singing is the art of a musician expressing himself on stage, in public with his voice and art. This article will provide a detailed analysis of the history, development and influence of singing in Uzbek music on society. The article examines the role of solo singing in Uzbek maqom music and folk songs, vocal techniques used by singers, modern solo singing and its development on a global scale. The importance of solo singing in society, as well as the aesthetic and spiritual influence of music, was also included. Today, this art form has become more widespread thanks to modern technology and has aroused great interest among a young audience.

This article explores the prospects for the development of tourism clusters in Uzbekistan within the framework of national economic modernization and regional development. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of the cluster approach, emphasizing its role in enhancing competitiveness, innovation, and sustainability in the tourism sector. The study reviews existing literature, government policies, and international best practices to assess Uzbekistan’s progress in implementing tourism clusters. Particular attention is given to the current state of tourism infrastructure, the challenges facing cluster formation, and strategic directions for future development. The findings suggest that the successful implementation of tourism clusters in Uzbekistan will contribute to balanced regional growth, job creation, foreign investment attraction, and the preservation of cultural and natural heritage.

In the current era of globalization, one of our main tasks is to raise the spirituality and culture of our youth, and to instill in them a sense of patriotism and humanity.

This article covers such pressing issues as establishing the future tasks of educating free, in all respects competent young people who recognize their rights, approach the events taking place around them with an independent attitude, at the same time see their personal interests in harmony with the interests of the country and the people.

Blood is the vital biological fluid of the human body. It is involved in transporting oxygen, nutrients and hormones to all cells and tissues of the body, as well as in the removal of metabolic waste, the regulation of heat exchange and the provision of immune protection. It consists of blood plasma and a salivary element. Shapeable elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets( blood platelets). Each of them has a unique physiological and clinical significance in the body.

This article discusses the importance of effective methodologies in teaching native and foreign languages, with a particular focus on their practical implementation. It examines modern interactive, communicative, and innovative teaching approaches. The paper also emphasizes the necessity of considering individual learner differences, applying digital technologies, and using alternative assessment models to improve teaching efficiency and learner engagement.

The development of civil society in Uzbekistan has witnessed significant growth since independence, with non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs) playing a pivotal role. This article examines the formation trends of NGOs, analyzes managerial practices, institutional frameworks, and proposes recommendations for sustainable development. Key trends include legal reforms, professionalization, digital transformation, and government-NGO partnerships. Challenges related to financial sustainability, human resource development, and digital inclusion are also discussed.

 This article analyzes in detail the impact of by-products (by-products, waste, and secondary products obtained as a result of processing) formed during the production process on the cost of the main product from the perspective of management accounting. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for optimizing management decisions by correctly assessing by-products in manufacturing enterprises and accurately reflecting them in cost accounting.

As a methodological basis, management accounting theories were studied, as well as joint product costing, by-product costing and relative sales value method approaches widely used in international practice. The production process of “Elegant Garment Textile” LLC was selected as the object of research, and the impact of by-products (shavings, waste yarns, paint residues and other waste) generated during the stages of fabric dyeing, cutting, sewing and packaging on the total cost was analyzed through economic indicators.

The results of the analysis showed that by correctly assessing by-products and separately accounting for them in the management accounting system, it is possible to reduce the total cost of production by 2.8–4.5%, and increase production efficiency by 6.2%. The article also provides practical recommendations for increasing the profitability of the enterprise by processing or selling by-products.

The scientific novelty of the study is that the role of by-products generated during the production process in the formation of costs was assessed based on measurable indicators, and a new coefficient analysis model was proposed to optimize management decisions.

Leukemia, a malignant neoplastic disorder of hematopoietic tissues, often presents with early changes in the oral cavity that may precede systemic clinical manifestations. Oral findings are among the first indicators of hematologic dysfunction, especially in acute forms of the disease. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the oral manifestations of leukemia, discussing their pathophysiological basis, clinical presentation, diagnostic significance, and implications for dental and medical management. Emphasis is placed on differentiating oral lesions of leukemic origin from those caused by secondary infections or chemotherapy. The discussion also explores how oral health professionals can play a vital role in the early detection and multidisciplinary care of patients with leukemia.

This article examines the thematic, structural, and stylistic similarities and differences between George Eliot’s Middlemarch and Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina. Both novels are considered significant works of the 19th-century realist tradition, reflecting the complexities of human relationships, social expectations, and moral responsibility. The study highlights how Eliot and Tolstoy portray marriage, society, and personal ambition through their principal characters, yet differ in narrative approach and cultural context. While Middlemarch focuses on provincial English life and emphasizes intellectual and moral development, Anna Karenina explores the psychological depth of emotional struggle within Russian aristocratic society. Furthermore, the comparative analysis reveals that Eliot employs an analytical and philosophical narrative tone, whereas Tolstoy’s style is more emotionally intense and dramatic. The article concludes that despite cultural and stylistic differences, both authors profoundly illuminate universal human experiences and the conflicts between individual desire and social norms.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of cultivating moral and ethical values in primary and secondary education within the context of digital learning. It examines both the positive opportunities of digital platforms and the risks associated with them, identifying key challenges in the effective implementation of moral and ethical education. To address these challenges, pedagogical, organizational, and technological solutions are proposed, including curriculum modifications, teacher professional development, the formation of digital ethical culture, parental involvement, and the purposeful design of educational platforms. The article also presents practical recommendations and evaluation indicators to enhance the quality and effectiveness of moral and ethical value integration in the digital educational environment.

This article discusses the formation of musical literacy based on the traditions of teacher-student inherited from time immemorial, as well as the development of new technologies in this process, as well as the implementation of educational processes based on existing pedagogical technologies. The article also pays special attention to the concept of musical pedagogy, that is, the pedagogical approaches of the creative activity of a music teacher in the process of working with students.

This article discusses the need to adequately prepare and educate the younger generation for the rapidly developing era, to instill in them the concept of modernity, the characteristics of humanity in their minds, and to effectively use innovations and pedagogical techniques in education.

This article discusses the role of culture and spirituality in social life, their influence on human development and the progress of the nation. It provides a theoretical and analytical examination of how moral perfection and cultural values form the main foundation of a nation, emphasizing the importance of preserving and developing them. Additionally, the article highlights the relevance of enhancing youth spirituality in today’s era of globalization.

Mazkur maqolada siyosiy tahlil qilish usullarining nazariy asoslari, ularning siyosatshunoslikdagi o‘rni va ahamiyati yoritilgan. Siyosiy jarayonlarni chuqur anglash, ularni tahlil qilish va baholashda qo‘llaniladigan ilmiy yondashuvlar tahlil etiladi. Shuningdek, siyosiy tahlil usullarining zamonaviy tadqiqotlarda tutgan o‘rni va ularning strategik qarorlar qabul qilishdagi roli ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola siyosatshunoslik nazariyasini yanada rivojlantirish va amaliy tahlilni takomillashtirishga qaratilgan.

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 This article analyzes the impact of morning exercises on the physical and academic performance of students. A pedagogical study was conducted to examine the dynamics of students’ physical condition and psychophysiological indicators as a result of systematic morning exercise routines. The findings indicate that morning gymnastics contributes to increased endurance, improved concentration, enhanced emotional stability, and overall academic engagement among students. The research is based on experimental observations and an analysis of contemporary regulatory documents on the development of physical culture and sports in Uzbekistan up to the year 2030.

This article analyzes the histological changes observed in cancer

and their significance in the diognostic process. Pathological processes also

examine the processes associated with clinical symptoms in patients.

Cancer can occur in variours organs and tissues and cause seriours health

problems. Causes of cancer include genetic factors [eg, smoking, exposure to

chemikals ], radiation and viruses. Biopsiy, imoging studies and labarotory

analyzes are used for diagnosis. Treatment methods include surgery,

chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunaterapy, depending on the stage and

type of the disease. Early detection and timely treatment of cancer is

important in improving the patient’s quality of life.

 Over recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases among children has escalated significantly worldwide. This phenomenon manifests in a broad spectrum of conditions including food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. A complex interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental changes, altered microbial exposures, urbanisation, and lifestyle shifts contributes to this increase. For instance, climate change has extended pollen seasons and enhanced allergenicity, thereby raising risk for seasonal allergic rhinitis in children. Meanwhile, early-life risk factors such as Caesarean delivery, parental allergic disease, and indoor humidity have been identified in large meta-analyses. Modern preventive and therapeutic strategies are evolving. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) in its subcutaneous and sublingual forms is being increasingly applied in paediatric populations. Biologics such as anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies show promise in treatment-resistant cases of chronic urticaria and severe food allergies.  At the same time, early dietary introduction of allergenic foods, improved indoor air quality, microbial exposure, and barrier-preserving therapies are gaining attention for primary prevention and mitigation of disease severity. This paper aims to synthesise recent evidence on the causes behind the rising burden of paediatric allergic diseases, and to outline modern diagnostic, preventive and management approaches. After reviewing the literature, a research methodology is described which examined a cohort of children with allergic diseases in a tertiary care setting over a 12-month period. Results indicate that children exposed to higher ambient air-pollution levels and those with delayed dietary allergen introduction had more severe disease and reduced quality of life. In conclusion, the multifactorial nature of the problem necessitates a holistic and individualised approach, involving allergen avoidance, early life interventions, immunotherapy and emerging biologic therapies. The rising trend underscores an urgent need for public health initiatives, updated clinical guidelines and research into novel interventions.

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, plays a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis by transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The heart serves as the central organ of this system, acting as a pump that ensures continuous blood circulation. This paper provides an overview of the structure and function of the heart and cardiovascular system, discusses the physiological mechanisms that sustain circulation, and highlights the common disorders affecting cardiovascular health. Findings indicate that maintaining cardiovascular efficiency depends on lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and stress management. The study underscores the importance of cardiovascular education for disease prevention and overall well-being.

In this article, the author emphasizes a serious approach to issues of environmental education as an important problem of modern times. The paper presents issues related to improving mechanisms of ecological upbringing in lessons and extracurricular activities. Special attention is given to the development of ecological awareness and culture, as well as the continuous application of acquired theoretical knowledge and skills in nature and society.

This scientific article studies the clinical course, development mechanisms and treatment methods of functional dyspepsia in patients with type 2 diabetes. The results of the study showed that functional dyspepsia occurs in a significant proportion of diabetic patients and is one of the main factors that reduce their quality of life. In the development of this condition, slowing of gastric motility, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, impaired hormone secretion and changes in intestinal microflora play an important role. In the course of the study, a complex treatment approach - the use of prokinetic, probiotic and herbal extracts-based drugs along with antidiabetic therapy showed high effectiveness. As a result, dyspeptic symptoms in patients significantly decreased, glycemic control improved and the overall quality of life increased. Also, diet therapy, psychological support and the formation of a healthy lifestyle are recommended as important factors in the treatment of functional dyspepsia. The results of the article justify the need to include approaches aimed at correcting dyspepsia in the system of complex treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus in clinical practice.

This article explores innovative approaches to enhancing the effectiveness of the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) method in teaching economics subjects in English. It analyzes the key principles of CLIL, the advantages of integrating content and language learning, and the innovative strategies applied by educators. The study highlights the role of interactive technologies, multimedia resources, project-based learning, and methods aimed at developing students’ communicative competence. The findings demonstrate that effective implementation of the CLIL approach significantly improves students’ mastery of professional English in economics-related fields.

This article studies the clinical and pathogenetic features of functional dyspepsia (FD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. During the study, 120 participants were observed, of which 80 were selected as the diabetes group and 40 as the control group. Functional dyspepsia symptoms were assessed based on the Rome IV criteria, and epigastric pain, early satiety, flatulence, and nausea were identified as the most common symptoms. The results showed that the severity of dyspeptic symptoms is directly related to the degree of glucose compensation and HbA1c indicators. Slowing of gastric motility, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, and diabetic damage to enteral nerve fibers were shown to be the leading pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of functional dyspepsia. According to the study, it is important to regularly monitor the functioning of the gastrointestinal system in patients with diabetes, identify dyspeptic symptoms early, and take treatment measures based on an individual approach. Such an approach allows improving glycemic control, improving quality of life, and preventing diabetic complications.

This article presents a comprehensive study on the development of a novel autoclave device incorporating an advanced structure for thermal, pressure, and safety elements. The research addresses the limitations of conventional autoclave systems, including uneven heat distribution, pressure instability, and potential safety hazards during sterilization processes. By integrating state-of-the-art thermal sensors, adaptive pressure control mechanisms, and redundant safety elements, the proposed autoclave design ensures precise and uniform sterilization while significantly reducing operational risks. The study details the engineering principles, structural innovations, and testing procedures employed to validate the device’s performance. Experimental results demonstrate improved temperature consistency, stable pressure regulation, and enhanced safety protocols, confirming the device’s reliability for biomedical, laboratory, and industrial sterilization applications. Furthermore, the proposed design offers scalability, energy efficiency, and potential integration with automated monitoring systems, paving the way for next-generation autoclave technologies that meet modern safety standards and operational requirements.

 Gamification has become one of the most effective techniques in modern education, especially in language learning. This study explores the effects of using Kahoot, a game-based learning platform, on students’ motivation and language retention. The research was conducted at a learning center with 10 participants over the period of one month. During the lessons, Kahoot quizzes were integrated into English practice sessions to make learning more interactive and enjoyable. Observations and short interviews revealed that students showed higher levels of engagement, participation, and excitement during lessons. Furthermore, their vocabulary and grammar retention improved significantly compared to traditional methods. The competitive and fun nature of Kahoot helped students become more confident and interested in learning English. Overall, this study suggests that gamification, when applied thoughtfully, can serve as a powerful tool to enhance motivation and retention in language education.

The integration of mechanical and electronic components in dental equipment represents a significant advancement in modern dental technology, enhancing precision, efficiency, and patient safety. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural design, operating principles, and functional synergy of mechanical and electronic systems in dental devices such as dental chairs, handpieces, suction systems, and diagnostic imaging tools. By combining mechanical reliability with electronic control and automation, these integrated systems enable precise movement, real-time feedback, and adaptive performance tailored to the operator’s actions and patient needs. The study also examines how this integration improves ergonomic design, reduces operational fatigue, and ensures consistent treatment quality. Furthermore, the article explores emerging technologies, including sensor-based monitoring, AI-assisted diagnostics, and digitally controlled actuation, highlighting their potential to transform dental practice by optimizing workflow, enhancing patient comfort, and increasing procedural accuracy. The findings underscore the critical role of mechanical-electronic integration in advancing dental care and suggest future directions for innovation in smart dental equipment.

In the national development and social, economic, and spiritual ascension of our people, folklore — indeed, the art of poetic word generally — has always served as a cornerstone. For folklore is the strength, vitality, and greatness of a nation. The linguistic richness of a people first manifests itself in their oral folk creations. Whenever there arises a need to become acquainted with the culture of a nation, one must first become acquainted with that people’s folklore. In folklore shall be revealed the language capacities of the people, their style of reflection, their creative power.

 The integration of robotics and sensor systems in rehabilitation equipment represents a transformative approach in modern physiotherapy and assistive technologies. This article explores the design, implementation, and clinical applications of robotic rehabilitation devices enhanced with high-precision sensors. These systems enable real-time monitoring of patient movements, muscle activity, and biomechanical parameters, allowing for adaptive therapy that responds to individual patient needs. By combining robotic actuation with sensor feedback, rehabilitation equipment can optimize exercise intensity, improve motor learning, and accelerate recovery while reducing the risk of injury. The paper also highlights the role of artificial intelligence algorithms in processing sensor data to personalize rehabilitation protocols, track progress, and provide predictive insights for therapy adjustments. Furthermore, the study discusses recent technological advancements, including wearable exoskeletons, force-sensitive manipulators, and smart physiotherapy platforms, demonstrating their effectiveness in restoring mobility and enhancing quality of life for patients with neurological, musculoskeletal, and post-operative conditions.

Dysmenorrhea, commonly known as painful menstruation, is one of the most prevalent gynecological disorders affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by cramping pain in the lower abdomen that may be accompanied by nausea, fatigue, and headache during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is categorized into primary and secondary types: primary dysmenorrhea occurs without underlying pelvic pathology, while secondary dysmenorrhea results from conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

The pathogenesis primarily involves excessive production of prostaglandins, leading to uterine hypercontractility, ischemia, and pain. This article explores the physiological mechanisms, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of dysmenorrhea and reviews modern therapeutic and preventive approaches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal contraceptives, lifestyle modification, and non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise, diet regulation, and stress management play crucial roles in management. Preventive measures emphasize early education, healthy habits, and timely medical evaluation to minimize complications and improve women’s quality of life.

The article examines the crucial role of innovations in shaping a competitive national economy in the context of globalization and rapid technological development. It explores how innovation processes contribute to sustainable economic growth, productivity enhancement, and the creation of new market advantages. The research highlights the importance of forming an effective national innovation system, promoting scientific and technological progress, and fostering collaboration between the state, business, and academia. Special attention is given to the mechanisms for stimulating innovation activity and the implementation of innovative policies that enhance the competitiveness of the economy at both national and international levels.

This article presents the results of experimental studies to investigate and evaluate, in accordance with standard requirements, the impact strength of developed self-compacting basalt fiber concrete compositions. The research demonstrated that replacing the cement binder with a composite consisting of Portland cement, zeolite-containing rock, and quartz sand can produce highly effective self-compacting basalt fiber concrete mixtures. Experimental studies have shown that even after initial cracks have formed, basalt fiber concrete samples are capable of withstanding increased impact loads. This indicates that the developed self-compacting basalt fiber concrete, as a composite material with very high impact strength, can be recommended for the construction of highly critical protective structures.

This article analyzes local and international attention to the Aral Sea crisis and its ecological and socio-economic consequences. It highlights state policies aimed at addressing the problem, regional cooperation initiatives, and the role of international organizations. Additionally, measures and prospective projects undertaken to ensure the sustainable development of the Aral Sea region are examined. The article demonstrates that the Aral tragedy is increasingly securing a prominent place on the global community’s agenda.