During the production of knitted fabrics, shrinkage may occur under mechanical stress. Also, when wet , warmed up processing to give  under the influence of , to knitwear decoration to give in the process  gravity to the body comes . Knitting of the fabric thickness item to the construction impact The essence of the design process is to determine the dimensions and shape of the parts of the product and arrange them in a single plane. To solve this task on a computer, the complex shape of the product is divided into separate parts and the design work is carried out sequentially.

With the rapid development of digital technologies, network security threats have become increasingly complex and dangerous. This article examines the main types of modern network attacks, including Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), phishing, malware, Man-in-the-Middle (MITM), and zero-day exploits. Each attack type is analyzed through examples, highlighting their mechanisms and potential consequences. Effective countermeasures such as firewalls, network monitoring systems, cryptographic protection, user awareness enhancement, and artificial intelligence-based defense mechanisms are also discussed. This paper aims to provide valuable insights for IT professionals and researchers in the field of information security. The research findings lay the groundwork for developing strategies to protect modern network infrastructures.

This article analyzes the initial stage of the 1916 uprising by the peoples of Turkestan against the colonial policies of the Russian Empire. Specifically, it considers the imperial decree issued on June 25, 1916, which mandated the conscription of local populations for forced labor on the rear front, as the direct cause of the rebellion. The study examines the emergence of the uprising in specific regions, the response of the local population, and the nature of this popular movement. It argues that the uprising's outbreak was closely connected to local socio-economic problems, national inequality, and the intensification of colonial policies. Additionally, the article discusses government measures taken in the early days of the rebellion. The research is based on historical documents, archival materials, and contemporary historiographical approaches. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the early phases of the 1916 uprising, a significant turning point in the history of Turkestan.

This article studies the fundamental concepts of harmonic and mechanical vibrations, their nature, and practical applications. Harmonic vibrations are oscillations that repeat sinusoidally over time, maintaining constant amplitude and frequency during energy exchange processes. They are widely used in mechanical systems, especially in simplified models such as the mass-spring system. Mechanical vibrations refer to the motion of bodies caused by external forces or their inertia. The article covers the mathematical modeling of vibrations, energy transfer, and types of vibrations — free, forced, and damped. Furthermore, methods for controlling mechanical vibrations and reducing their effects in practice are discussed. The significance of harmonic and mechanical vibrations in engineering, physics, and technology, along with their applications across various fields, is also highlighted. This research provides essential knowledge for the effective management and analysis of vibrations in mechanical systems.

Gamification – the integration of game elements into the educational process – has become popular in recent years in foreign language learning, as this approach stimulates mental resources, activating attention and memory. Studies show that when gamification is applied, learners' working memory and attention significantly improve. For example, according to data from The Open Psychology Journal, game elements such as points, rewards, and leveling help learners concentrate and enhance their ability to process complex linguistic materials. Additionally, gamification makes repetition of language topics more interesting, aiding better retention of information in memory. This article examines gamified tools such as Duolingo, Kahoot, and Quizizz, and analyzes their impact on English language learning among individuals aged 10-30, including cognitive skills (memory, attention, adaptability) and motivation.  

Gamification – the incorporation of game elements (points, levels, challenges) into non-game environments – has been increasingly applied in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education in recent times. In traditional language classrooms, students often experience boredom and anxiety due to rigorous exercises, which harms long-term motivation. In contrast, a gamified learning environment creates a positive atmosphere by introducing fun, competition, and choice, which can encourage participation. As noted in one review, games “reduce students' anxiety in practicing English, encouraging them to actively participate in academic tasks.” In other words, gamification transforms routine vocabulary or grammar exercises into engaging activities, naturally motivating students to speak and participate.

The Kokand Khanate, which emerged in the early 18th century in the Fergana Valley, played a crucial role in the political, cultural, and economic development of Central Asia. This article explores the historical background, formation process, and sociopolitical structure of the Kokand Khanate, as well as its contribution to regional identity and statehood. The study highlights how the khanate evolved from a small local principality into a powerful state under the rule of leaders such as Shahrukhbek, Narbuta Khan, and Umar Khan. It also examines the Khanate’s administrative system, trade relations, and its influence on Islamic education and culture. Furthermore, the article discusses the causes of its decline in the late 19th century and its eventual annexation by the Russian Empire in 1876. The Kokand Khanate remains a symbol of national awakening and resilience, representing a significant stage in the historical development of Uzbekistan and the broader Turkic world.

This article analyzes the role of art pedagogical technologies in the modern educational system, their theoretical and methodological foundations, and their importance in improving the effectiveness of the pedagogical process. Art pedagogy is an innovative approach aimed at developing the emotional, creative, and intellectual potential of an individual through artistic means. It deepens the principles of humanism, aesthetics, and creativity in education. The article thoroughly discusses the main theoretical directions of art pedagogy technologies, the teacher’s professional skills, and the experience of implementing these technologies in the education system of Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the importance of investments in the development of the real sector of the economy and the mechanisms for their effective direction. The sustainable development of the real sector ensures the overall economic growth of the country, therefore, attracting investments to industry, agriculture, construction and other productive sectors is an important task. The article considers methods for improving the investment climate, increasing the activity of the private sector, and financing projects based on public-private partnership. The reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan to invest in the real sector and their results are also analyzed.

This article examines the role of investment in digital infrastructure as a key factor in Uzbekistan's economic transformation. It explores areas of economic digitalization, such as the development of e-government, electronic payment systems, telecommunications networks, and innovative business technologies. It analyzes the impact of digital investment on increased labor productivity, transparency of economic processes, and the expansion of entrepreneurial opportunities. Particular attention is paid to the Uzbek government's strategic initiatives aimed at creating a digital ecosystem and attracting private investment in this area. It is concluded that the active development of digital infrastructure contributes to sustainable economic growth, integration into the global digital space, and increased competitiveness of the national economy.

In the context of accelerating global digitalization, Uzbek service sector companies are facing the need for a profound transformation of their innovation and investment strategies. Digital transformation is becoming a key factor in increasing competitiveness, reducing transaction costs, and accelerating innovation in segments such as financial services, logistics, education, healthcare, hospitality and tourism, and e-commerce. In 2023–2024, investment in digital service infrastructure in Uzbekistan increased by more than 32%, and the share of online platforms in total transaction volume reached 38%. Government programs (Digital Uzbekistan 2030, Digital Economy), as well as support from international financial institutions, are creating favorable conditions for capital inflows and the implementation of innovative technologies.

Particular attention is paid to the development of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud services, and fintech solutions, which enable service sector companies to improve productivity, personalize customer experiences, and develop new business models. The development of digital financial instruments, including crowdfunding, venture capital, and public-private partnerships, plays a key role in facilitating the accelerated modernization of service industries.

The scientific significance of this study lies in identifying patterns in the impact of digital transformation on the investment processes of service sector enterprises, as well as in identifying mechanisms for stimulating innovation. The practical value of this work lies in formulating recommendations for businesses and government on the effective use of digital technologies to attract investment and improve the sustainability of the service sector economy.

 This article focuses on the linguistic and cultural significance of euphemisms used in folk proverbs and the etymology of their origin.

In this article, I explore the importance of forming a library culture in primary school native language and reading literacy lessons. Based on my own pedagogical observations and theoretical analysis, I examine how an early introduction to reading, books, and libraries shapes students’ intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and lifelong learning motivation. I also emphasize the role of teachers and parents in nurturing a sustainable reading environment, as well as the integration of digital technologies in modern library culture. The study highlights how reading in the native language builds not only literacy skills but also national identity, cultural continuity, and moral development among young learners.

This study investigates the improvement of ecological logistics flows within corporate freight transportation systems in Uzbekistan. Using a combination of system analysis, statistical evaluation, mathematical modeling, and expert assessment, the research identifies the main environmental inefficiencies in current logistics operations and proposes sustainable optimization strategies. The study introduces a complex indicator for assessing ecological efficiency that integrates factors such as CO₂ emissions, fuel efficiency, renewable energy utilization, and waste recycling rates. Empirical data from 2020–2024, sourced from the Ministry of Transport and major logistics companies, reveal that digitalization, alternative fuel use, and “green warehouse” concepts significantly enhance ecological logistics performance. The findings contribute to developing a practical model for integrating environmental responsibility into corporate logistics strategies and achieving sustainable transport goals in Uzbekistan.

In this article, the innovative model of learning technology is a set of knowledge, methods, techniques and technologies of learning aimed at achieving the intended goals and achievements. The requirements for methodological knowledge imposed on curricula cannot be verified for compliance with their content, which entails significant changes in the methodological sciences required for their development.In this sense, Sunni Muslims believe that Islam is a religion based on the belief that Islam is a religion, not a religion. In order for such tactics to be implemented, it is necessary that there are no problems with capturing the ball in the game. I need to make it clear that I don't want to be a victim.

This article investigates the theoretical and practical aspects of financial statement auditing and the ways to improve its effectiveness in the context of modern economic transformations. It examines the objectives, principles, and standards of auditing, identifies challenges in audit practices, and proposes methods to enhance transparency, reliability, and efficiency in financial reporting. A comparative approach is applied to analyze both international and local auditing practices, highlighting the importance of harmonization with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). The article argues that continuous improvement of financial statement audit is essential to ensure corporate accountability, protect the interests of stakeholders, and strengthen trust in the financial system.

In today’s information-oriented society, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. Adolescents, in particular, are among the most active users of these technologies. Adolescence is a sensitive stage in human development marked by significant psychological and social formation. During this period, adolescents strive to understand the world around them, find their place in it, and develop a unique identity. Thus, social media plays a major role in this process.

The Internet is an indispensable part of modern life and is considered the most widespread global network that provides access to clear and relevant information across all fields. It enables us to understand concepts that were previously vague or difficult to grasp. There is no doubt that the demand for internet access continues to grow daily.

As a global network, the Internet provides various conveniences through services in the form of text, images, audio, video, and more. At the same time, it is also true that it inadvertently draws people—especially adolescents—into a virtual world.

This study investigates the performance efficiency of polycarbonate-based solar concentrators under the climatic conditions of the Mirzacho‘l region in Uzbekistan, characterized by high solar irradiance and low humidity. A parabolic concentrator made of UV-protected polycarbonate was experimentally tested and compared with a conventional aluminum-based reflector of identical geometry. Experiments were conducted during July–August 2024, with solar radiation ranging from 940 to 1020 W/m² and ambient temperatures reaching +38°C.

The findings indicate that the polycarbonate concentrator achieved an average thermal efficiency of 59 ±1.6%, only slightly lower than the aluminum model (62 ±2.0%), while being 46% lighter and 50% more cost-effective. The optical quality of the polycarbonate surface remained 97% stable over two months of exposure, confirming the effectiveness of UV-protective coatings. Statistical analysis verified a confidence interval within ±2%, ensuring the scientific reliability of the results.

The study demonstrates that polycarbonate materials can serve as an economical and durable alternative to traditional metals for solar concentrator systems, particularly in hot and arid environments like Mirzacho‘l. The outcomes are directly applicable to the development of energy-efficient solar heaters, dryers, and greenhouse systems within Uzbekistan’s renewable energy framework.

 The article analyzes the problem of perception of television journalism in the framework of intercultural communication from a linguocultural perspective. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the perception of television information, the model of trust in it and cultural thinking in different cultures (Uzbekistan, France, Japan and Russia). Based on the theories of intercultural communication and social space of scientists such as Edward Hall, Geert Hofstede and Pierre Bourdieu, the paradigm of high and low context cultures is applied to the process of media perception. The study shows the differences in cultural codes based on the results of a sociological survey conducted by the Uzbek University of Journalism and Mass Communications in 2023, as well as content analysis of the channels France 24, NHK, "Uzbekistan 24" and "Russia 1". The results show that television journalism is not just a system for transmitting information in each country, but also a socio-cultural mechanism that expresses national culture and determines audience trust.

This article examines journalism in both historical and theoretical dimensions through the lens of contemporary philosophy. It discusses the development of Western and US press, its historical stages, and the philosophical as well as social foundations of the concept of "norm." The study also explores the rise of the internet and social networks, the impact of artificial intelligence on the information space, ethical and normative challenges, and the role of journalism in today's media environment. The analysis is situated at the intersection of journalism theory, philosophy of communication, and information technology.

The findings suggest that the concepts of media space and information are deeply intertwined with human cognition and technological progress, which necessitates continuous philosophical reflection. Media space is interpreted as a dynamic and multi-layered phenomenon, evolving simultaneously in philosophical and technological dimensions. From a phenomenological and synergetic perspective, it mirrors the interactions between society and technology, offering insights not only into information and communication technologies but also into broader social and cultural processes.

The article also draws upon the ideas of John Nerone, whose research on the history of American journalism highlights its role in shaping democratic institutions, thereby enriching the philosophical and historical analysis of media as a phenomenon.

This article analyzes the psychological characteristics of the formation of the thinking process in students and its impact on the quality of Education. It is argued that thinking as the highest form of human consciousness manifests itself in theoretical, analytical-synthetic, critical and creative approaches. The student period is the most important stage in the development of thinking, during which such skills as deep mastery of knowledge, independent and critical thinking, solving problem situations, a creative approach are formed. The effective course of these processes will serve to improve the quality of education, make students succeed in future professional activities. The article also highlights the theories of psychologist scientists and the importance of the development of thinking in the educational process on a scientific basis.

The article examines the impact of tax policy reforms in Uzbekistan during 2018–2024 on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).  The analysis is based on information from Stat.uz, reports from international financial institutions like the World Bank, IMF, ADB, and IFC, and evaluations from professional consulting firms like EY and PwC. According to the findings, the ratio of SMEs to GDP has remained constant over time, remaining between 40 and 55 percent. Digital tax services (such as online reporting and the SOLIQ mobile application) have reduced the administrative burden on entrepreneurs and encouraged the shift to the formal sector.  At the same time, while the system of tax incentives supported the investment climate, their broad and generalized application limited overall efficiency.  Moreover, the large share of the informal economy (30–35 percent) and constraints in access to finance continue to restrict the full positive impact of tax policy.

 Although credit lines from international financial institutions have helped improve SMEs’ short-term liquidity, gaps in the financing market still remain.  Therefore, the policy recommendations include: linking tax incentives to specific targeted outcomes, expanding digital services alongside improving financial literacy, and introducing inclusive financial instruments to reduce the size of the informal economy.

This article analyzes the impact of psychological violence in modern organizations and the mechanisms for its prevention. The MOBBing is a negative impact on their mental health, employment motivation and efficiency through the workplace by providing employees at the workplace. The main causes of Mobbing are the style of management, organizational culture and staff. The article also describes the detection of MOBling, practical mechanisms on support and its prevention. The results of the study offer scientific and practical recommendations to improve the socio-psychological environment in organizations, protect the health of employee and increase work efficiency.

The article presents the results of an experiment aimed at determining the impact of a set of measures aimed at eliminating the impact of environmental factors on rabbits, creating favorable zoohygienic parameters, providing them with nutritious food, and preventing their diseases on the veterinary and sanitary quality of rabbit meat. Tadqiqotlarda chora-tadbirlar majmuyini qo‘llash so‘yilgan quyon gavdasining yaxshi qonsizlanishi, parenximatoz a’zolarning hammasining iste’mol uchun yaroqli bo‘lishi, go‘sht tarkibidagi oqsil (20,1%) va kul (1,0%) viqdorining oshishi, suv (58,0%) va xolesterin (22,2mg%) miqdorlarining kamayishi, yog‘ miqdorining optimal (18,5%) darajada bo‘lishi aniqlangan.  

This article explores the process of creating decorative panels using the Kinusayga method  a unique Japanese art form that involves arranging small pieces of fabric into a base without the use of needles or thread. The paper discusses the historical origins of Kinusayga, its application in modern educational practice, and its artistic and pedagogical significance. The method enhances students’ aesthetic perception, creativity, precision, and patience. It is shown that Kinusayga not only develops artistic taste and fine motor skills but also promotes ecological awareness by reusing fabric remnants. The technique can be effectively used in technology and art classes to cultivate students’ imagination, sense of color harmony, and respect for cultural traditions.

This article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on the labor market in Uzbekistan. The objective is to identify how digital technologies are transforming jobs, shaping the demand for new professions and skills, and assessing the readiness of the existing workforce. The methodology includes statistical data, government policies, and industry experts’ opinions. The study results show that digital technologies create new opportunities in the labor market, but obstacles such as skill gaps, infrastructure issues, and digital illiteracy remain.

This article discusses the scientific study of the technology of producing food products enriched with essential fatty acids based on cereals. The study analyzed the chemical composition of cereals, their components beneficial to human health, and methods of enrichment with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also, the technological stages used in the enrichment process, ways to increase the nutritional and biological value of the product, and factors affecting the shelf life were studied on a scientific basis. Based on the results obtained, an effective technological model for the production of cereals as functional foods was developed. This study is of significant scientific and practical importance in ensuring food safety, establishing a healthy diet for the population, and creating a new generation of bioactive products.

This article explores the problem of cervical insufficiency (CI) in women, one of the leading causes of miscarriage and preterm birth. Morphological, hormonal, and social risk factors are analyzed to understand the pathogenesis of the disorder. The importance of early diagnosis, preventive measures, and an integrated approach combining medical and psychological support is highlighted. The main issue lies in the late detection of cervical weakness and insufficient prenatal care. The proposed solution emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach involving medical monitoring, hormonal therapy, patient education, and emotional support to improve pregnancy outcomes and prevent preterm delivery.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, induced by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to airborne allergens such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and mold spores. It is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, with significant implications for both individual health and public well-being. The pathophysiology of AR involves the activation of mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and other inflammatory mediators. These processes cause classical symptoms such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes. Beyond local manifestations, allergic rhinitis exerts profound effects on the respiratory system as a whole.

One of the most notable impacts of AR is its association with lower airway diseases, particularly asthma. Studies have demonstrated that patients with untreated or poorly managed AR are at increased risk of developing asthma, indicating a strong pathophysiological link between upper and lower airway inflammation. Furthermore, AR contributes to impaired pulmonary function, sleep disturbances, and reduced exercise tolerance. Chronic nasal obstruction may lead to mouth breathing, altering airway mechanics and promoting pharyngeal collapse, which can exacerbate obstructive sleep apnea.

The burden of AR extends to quality of life, cognitive performance, and productivity, given its interference with normal breathing and sleep. Therefore, early diagnosis and comprehensive management are crucial to mitigating its respiratory consequences. Evidence-based strategies include allergen avoidance, pharmacological treatment (antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists), and immunotherapy, all of which aim to reduce systemic inflammation and protect respiratory health.

This study investigates the effectiveness of online platforms in foreign language learning, focusing on Ibrat Farzandlari, Duolingo, and Babbel. By analyzing user engagement, course offerings, and certification outcomes, it highlights the strengths and limitations of each platform. The research concludes that blended learning, combining online tools with traditional instruction, enhances language acquisition and maximizes learner outcomes globally.

The integration of education and upbringing represents a crucial philosophical and pedagogical process aimed at shaping the spiritual outlook of youth in the context of globalization and digital transformation. This article explores the ontological and epistemological dimensions of education–upbringing unity as an essential factor for the holistic development of young individuals. It conceptualizes this integration as a dialectical synthesis between cognitive knowledge and moral experience, grounded in the philosophical traditions of humanism, neo-constructivism, and the ethics of responsibility. The study emphasizes that contemporary education should transcend the boundaries of formal instruction by fostering value-based learning that cultivates ethical consciousness, civic responsibility, and intellectual independence. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the research elucidates how educational institutions serve not merely as transmitters of knowledge but as spaces for cultivating moral sensibility and spiritual culture. The philosophical analysis demonstrates that the convergence of education and upbringing functions as a catalyst for the internalization of universal human values, contributing to the formation of a harmoniously developed and socially responsible personality.

This article explores the translation and lexicographic features of ecotourism terminology in English and Uzbek languages, focusing on their semantic, structural, and functional aspects. As ecotourism continues to develop as a global phenomenon, accurate and culturally appropriate translation of its key terms becomes crucial for effective communication and knowledge exchange. The study investigates how ecotourism-related lexical units are rendered from English into Uzbek and vice versa, highlighting common translation strategies, semantic shifts, and contextual adaptations. Additionally, it analyzes lexicographic approaches used in bilingual and explanatory dictionaries, emphasizing their role in standardizing terminology and supporting intercultural communication. The findings demonstrate that understanding the translation and lexicographic characteristics of ecotourism terms contributes significantly to improving the quality of language resources, facilitating academic research, and promoting sustainable tourism discourse.

This article presents the results of single- and multi-factor experimental studies on the working components of soil-cultivating machines. Friction velocity, material hardness, and pressure force were selected as input factors, while the wear magnitude, dependent on these input factors, was chosen as the output factor. The effects of these factors are presented in the article in the form of tables and graphs.

 Author describes the experience of using ready-made neural networks (ChatGPT) and those developed by means of chat bot designers as a means of teaching Russian as a foreign language; the advantages and disadvantages of introducing chatbots in teaching business and scientific communication are revealed; the prospects for introducing artificial intelligence into the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language are determined.

The article discusses the issues of personal development in the context of the use of modern pedagogical technologies. The author analyzes the influence of the educational environment, digitalization and innovative teaching methods on the formation of a student's personality. Special attention is paid to the role of the teacher as a facilitator of personal growth, as well as the conditions that ensure the self-realization and self-development of students.

This article highlights the use of multimedia technologies in the process of training students for professional development. The study examined methods of organizing learning activities based on images, audio, video, animation, and virtual platforms. The results showed that multimedia technologies effectively foster independent thinking, creativity, and digital competencies among students. Moreover, it was found that their use significantly contributes to the development of professional knowledge, skills, and abilities. In the discussion process, the advantages and certain challenges of multimedia-based education were analyzed, and recommendations for improving this process in the future were proposed.

This article explores the significance of developing critical thinking skills among foreign language learners and how such skills enhance their communicative competence, problem-solving abilities, and overall academic performance. The integration of critical thinking into language learning encourages students to analyze, interpret, and evaluate information rather than simply memorizing it. The technology of critical thinking development is explored as a system of methodical techniques and strategies aimed at enhancing students' educational and cognitive awareness. The paper discusses the relationship between language proficiency and cognitive development, identifies effective classroom strategies, and highlights the teacher’s role in fostering critical thinking.

This article analyzes the negative effects of cataracts on vision, its medical and social consequences, and existing treatment methods. It scientifically examines the impact of cataracts on patients’ quality of life and social activity. Cataract is considered the most common cause of blindness worldwide, mainly affecting older people. The article discusses the causes of the disease, its clinical features, diagnostic methods, and the most effective surgical treatment options. In addition, the influence of cataracts on patients’ daily lives and the healthcare system is highlighted. The paper emphasizes the importance of preventive measures and the need to raise public awareness in combating cataracts. Cataract is a disease in which the transparency of the eye lens is lost, leading to decreased vision. It can affect one or both eyes. Treatment usually involves surgical replacement of the damaged lens with an artificial one.

Traditional diagnosis of dento-maxillary anomalies is a laborious, subjective, and error-prone process. The analysis of radiographs and 3D models depends on the clinician's experience, which can lead to diagnostic discrepancies among different specialists. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer immense potential to address these challenges by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, automating processes, and facilitating the development of personalized treatment plans for each patient. The integration of AI into orthodontics and dentistry holds significant scientific and practical relevance for improving treatment outcomes and increasing clinical efficiency.

Liver steatosis (fatty infiltration) and its subsequent stages—steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis—are considered one of the most pressing global health issues today. According to recent epidemiological data, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common form of these conditions, affects over 1.5 billion people worldwide, with projections estimating a rise to 33% of the global population by 2030 (Younossi et al., 2019). This article analyzes the pathological foundations of liver diseases, morphological changes, diagnostic criteria, and clinical significance. Additionally, modern non-invasive methods of diagnosis, genetic and molecular mechanisms, as well as promising treatment directions are discussed. The article deeply illuminates the pathophysiology, histopathology, and clinical manifestations of liver diseases, while reviewing modern diagnostic and treatment methods, supported by key statistical insights into prevalence, progression rates, and outcomes.

This article examines the main features and distinctive aspects of modern Uzbek syntax, focusing on the evolution of syntactic structures, the interaction between traditional grammatical categories and modern linguistic tendencies, and the influence of typological and communicative factors. Uzbek syntax, as a Turkic system, is characterized by agglutinative morphology, postpositional structure, and a relatively flexible but functionally motivated word order. In the context of globalization and digital communication, contemporary Uzbek shows significant syntactic dynamism, reflecting processes of language modernization, bilingual interference, and stylistic diversification. The study explores the peculiarities of sentence composition, syntactic parallelism, and pragmatic word order changes in modern Uzbek discourse.

Endocrinology, the study of hormones and their physiological effects, plays a central role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various metabolic and systemic disorders. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the key endocrine disorders, recent diagnostic methods, and therapeutic innovations. It highlights the importance of integrating clinical practice with laboratory advances to improve patient outcomes.

The process of creating a model consists of the following stages: working on the fabric and developing a model sketch; selecting fabric and additional decorative materials; cutting and sewing the item according to the sketch using the mulliege method in cooperation with the artist-modeler and technological laboratory technicians. Complete information about the model can only be obtained from its finished sample. When using a model sample, its details are recorded on special patterned paper. New models of clothing are produced in the Fashion House, as well as in the experimental workshops of large sewing enterprises.

Soil is an important component of nature, and soils and their biosphere play an important role in human life. Soil formation is a very complex and long-term process. Soil serves as a unique habitat for many organisms. In this article, the author discusses the issues of soil and its protection.

This study looks at euphemistic naming in Uzbek and English from both a narrow linguistic and a broad linguocultural viewpoint. Euphemization is a referential and evaluative linguistic technique used to lessen social taboos, negative connotations, or emotional distress. Having analyzed the works of Sheygal (2000), Reformatsky (1967), Shmelev (1977), and Burov (1994), the study separates two analytical dimensions: the textocentric, which sees euphemisms as practical instruments of cultural adaptation and communicative politeness, and the lexicocentric, which views euphemisms as closed lexical fields that substitute forbidden expressions. The study emphasizes how euphemistic designation reflects both subjective and objective elements, acting as a style identifier, a linguistic shield, and a means of expressing the speaker's identity. The theoretical framework is based on functional linguistics and enhanced by studies on terminology, modality, and communicative pragmatics. By integrating English and Uzbek findings, the paper demonstrates that euphemistic naming is a culturally mediated yet universally motivated process of secondary nomination that ensures ethical, aesthetic, and psychological harmony in communication.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the shadow economy, the factors influencing its formation, and its socio-economic consequences. Comparative experiences of Uzbekistan and foreign countries are examined, and recommendations for reducing the shadow economy are proposed.

Psychotherapy is a scientifically grounded method of supporting and restoring mental health. It plays a crucial role not only in the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and phobias but also in improving the quality of life, enhancing self-awareness, and strengthening social relationships. This article provides an overview of the main types of psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy, family and group therapy, as well as art and play therapies. The importance of psychotherapy in the lives of students and young people is emphasized, with a focus on its preventive, educational, and rehabilitative roles. Furthermore, the integration of modern technologies such as online counseling and artificial intelligence-based platforms is discussed as an important step toward improving access to psychological care. The findings highlight psychotherapy as an effective and essential component of holistic health care, contributing to the formation of a healthier and more resilient society.

In this article, several socio-psychological factors are studied that affect cases of violence in which bulling relationships among adolescents are currently becoming actualized. During this period, there may be an increase in cases of bulling, i.e. purposefully insulting, humiliating or harassing an individual or group. The methodological aspects of the scientific work carried out by the researchers were analyzed and applied to the article.nnotation. In this article, several socio-psychological factors are studied that affect cases of violence in which bulling relationships among adolescents are currently becoming actualized. During this period, there may be an increase in cases of bulling, i.e. purposefully insulting, humiliating or harassing an individual or group. The methodological aspects of the scientific work carried out by the researchers were analyzed and applied to the article. Effective recommendations were given to prevent bullying among adolescents.

This article discusses the determination of the main parameters of a pole-changing two-speed induction motor and the issues of improving its energy efficiency. Considering that a large portion of electrical energy is consumed by electric drives, the advantages of using two-speed motors for adjustable electric drives are analyzed.

During the study, a new two-speed induction motor model was developed using the ANSYS Maxwell software, and its operating, mechanical, and dynamic characteristics were determined. According to the calculation results, the efficiency (η) of the motor is 75% at p = 3 (n = 1000 rpm) and 70% at p = 4 (n = 750 rpm). In addition, the dynamics of the starting current and torque over time were studied, confirming the operational stability of the new design.

The results show that the use of pole-changing two-speed induction motors in electric drives makes it possible to save electrical energy and natural resources, increase operational efficiency, and extend the service life of the motor.

Hypokinesia, as a form of motor deprivation, is one of the relevant stress factors affecting the morphofunctional state of the digestive system. This article presents the results of an experimental study aimed at assessing the impact of hypokinesia on tissue regeneration of the duodenal mucosa in laboratory animals. Morphometric and histological analysis revealed significant alterations in the crypt-villus architecture, including reduced villus height, disturbed ratio between goblet and enterocyte cells, and decreased epithelial proliferative activity. A phase of partial compensation was identified during the first 30 days of hypokinesia, followed by depletion of adaptive mechanisms at later stages. The obtained data confirm that hypokinesia significantly impairs the regenerative potential of the intestinal epithelium, which may underlie functional digestive disorders associated with a sedentary lifestyle.

This article explores the technology used in the construction of modern road pavements, particularly on highways. It addresses the issue of waste management, highlights the importance of improving recycling processes, and emphasizes the efficient use of recycled materials in road construction.

This article reveals the results of a comparative analysis with the data provided by leading scientists to determine the physical development of middle-distance runners and the effects of physical development, step length, frequency, and running speed. 

This article discusses the thematic scope of Sirojiddin Sayyid’s creative work. In particular, it analyzes the eternal themes reflected in his poetic and prose compositions.

 Market research is an important tool for analyzing the economic situation, identifying market trends, and forecasting the dynamics of supply and demand. In Uzbekistan, where the economy is actively developing, market research helps companies adapt strategies, minimize risks, and find new opportunities for growth. In this article, we consider the theoretical foundations of market research, methods for conducting it, as well as the specifics of studying the market situation in Uzbekistan, taking into account macroeconomic and legislative factors. Particular attention is paid to the impact of digital technologies and changes in consumer behavior.

This article presents a comparative assessment of dental implantation using cylindrical and plate-shaped implant designs. It examines the characteristics of osseointegration, functional stability, and biocompatibility of various implant shapes depending on the clinical situation and anatomical conditions. A review of complications arising from the use of different implant forms is conducted, with an analysis of their causes. Special attention is given to the choice of implantation strategy in cases of limited bone volume, as well as the evaluation of long-term clinical outcomes. The study emphasizes the necessity of an individualized approach when selecting an implant system, taking into account the morphological and functional characteristics of the implantation site. The clinical feasibility of preferential use of cylindrical implants in cases of sufficient bone volume is justified, and the limitations of plate-shaped designs in conditions of alveolar ridge atrophy are analyzed.

This article reflects on theoretical and technical solutions to improve the efficiency of solar panels. Solar energy is a cornerstone of the transition to a sustainable future. As the demand for renewable energy grows, so does the need for efficient and cost-effective solar panels. Improving the efficiency of solar panels is crucial for harnessing more energy from the sun and making solar power a viable alternative to traditional energy sources. We will explore both theoretical and technical solutions aimed at enhancing the efficiency of solar panels. One promising theoretical solution involves the use of tandem solar cells. These are devices that stack multiple layers of solar cell materials on top of each other.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the organization of physical education, sports, and health-promoting activities within educational institutions. It highlights the crucial role of physical education and sports in fostering the comprehensive development of the younger generation and strengthening their physical and mental well-being. In addition, the paper examines the processes of promoting a healthy lifestyle, the effective organization of sports training, and the opportunities for applying innovative approaches and modern pedagogical technologies. The study employed scientific-analytical, empirical, and statistical methods, and its findings demonstrate that embedding physical activity as an integral part of the educational process positively influences students’ health, social skills, and motivation.

In this article, Labor protection is a set of laws aimed at ensuring human ability to work, health and safety in the work process, and includes socio-economic, organizational, technical, hygienic and preventive measures.

Any democratic society must have a legal framework aimed at protecting human rights. The foundations of life safety, such as labor protection, labor code, public control, and material and moral responsibilities, were discussed.

The article analyzes the essence of family upbringing, its role in social life, and its importance in shaping a child’s personality. The family is considered the primary educational environment where parental affection, mutual respect, national values, and traditions play a crucial role. Particular attention is given to the authority of parents, their pedagogical knowledge, and cooperation with schools and local communities in the process of family upbringing. The article also highlights parental responsibility, the duty of raising children as well-rounded individuals, and the role of respect and reverence in strengthening the family environment. The family is viewed as the foundation of personal happiness and social stability.

This article analyzes the results of a pedagogical pilot study aimed at developing divergent thinking in students. It has been scientifically proven that during the experiment, classes organized on the basis of problem-based learning led to significant positive changes in students' creativity, independent thinking, problem-solving, communication, and motivation.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the problem of neurosurgical infections, their causes, clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis and treatment. The work highlights the significance of modern neurosurgery, the types of postoperative infections and the role of causative microorganisms, in particular, the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Pseudomanas aureginoza, klebsiella, and Cutibacterium acnes. It is also mentioned that fungal and viral infections occur, especially in patients with weakened immunity. The study emphasizes that clinical, radiological (CT, MRI) and microbiological (culture, PCR, lumbar puncture) methods play an important role in the diagnosis of infections. Strict adherence to the rules of asepsis and antisepsis in the prevention of infections, as well as such surgical measures as empirical and targeted antibiotic therapy, abscess drainage, and shunt removal, are shown as effective ways. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that neurosurgical infections are one of the most important problems in the healthcare system today, and their early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving the quality of life of patients. The research results provide a scientific and practical basis for improving the effectiveness of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infections in neurosurgery.

This article discusses the growing importance of critical thinking skills in modern language education. It explores how the ability to analyze, interpret, and evaluate information contributes to language learning and teaching. The study also highlights how integrating critical thinking into the curriculum can improve students’ communicative competence, creativity, and academic independence. The paper concludes that developing critical thinking is essential for preparing learners to face global challenges in the 21st century.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the possibility of improving the methodology for conducting an audit of the internal control system of a company's business process by developing an audit technology and providing practical recommendations for conducting an internal audit.

This article analyzes the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and compliance systems in the process of modernizing the banking sector under the conditions of the digital economy. The study highlights the impact of digital technologies on banking operations, financial security, and the quality of customer service. It also examines the effectiveness of using intelligent systems in risk management, fraud detection, and regulatory compliance. The research further explores the development trends of digital compliance systems in Uzbekistan’s banking sector as part of its ongoing digital reforms.

The article discusses the essence of the dual education system, its role and importance in increasing the efficiency of the educational process through the integration of theory and practice. It also analyzes the specific aspects of the mechanisms of cooperation between industrial enterprises and educational institutions, and the issues of forming professional competencies in students in this process.

I.P. Pavlov divided people's conditioned reflexes into two sharply different categories. Conditioned reflexes that arise to specific signals form the “first signal system”, which is common to humans and animals. Conditioned reflexes that arise only to words, characteristic of humans, form the “second signal system”

In the life of a living organism, various events occur and there are difficult days. Every organism must strive to overcome difficulties, adapt to different natural conditions and learn. An organism that cannot adapt will die. This is called the law of the struggle for existence. When doing physical work, it is necessary to exercise regularly so that the body is strong and fit.

 Development of connected speech of mentally retarded children is one of the main tasks of corrective speech therapy. Clarifying and enriching connected speech plays a big role in the development of logical thinking, and the richer the child's vocabulary, the more clearly he thinks and speaks fluently.

This article, based on the requirements of modern pedagogical theory, theoretically illuminates the importance of deontology in the professional activity of a speech therapist, the ethical and professional aspects of professional training, the features, content, and essence of pedagogical deontology and competence. Especially in the theory of special pedagogy, the fact that the concept of deontology is a concept related to professional behavior is based on the requirements of the modern era.

The article discusses the main areas of work on the development of speech of deaf preschool children, the fact that children with hearing impairments are characterized by underdevelopment of all components of speech, as well as the presence of specific difficulties in the formation of logical thinking.

Allalia is the continuous development of the cerebral cortex as a result of organic trauma of the speech circle until the formation of speech in the mother's womb or at the initial stage of development of the child. Motor allalia-this is considered as a result of organic disturbances in the central harakter, an unhealthy neurological appearance leads to a serious lag behind in the development of speech. Supporters of this concession explain the lack of verbal doubt with motor failure.

The article examines the structure, functions, and development of school management in Uzbekistan’s general secondary education system. Based on qualitative document analysis and comparative education methods, it reviews reforms from 1997–2023, focusing on management functions (planning, organizing, leadership/motivation, and control), governance structures, and the role of digitalization. Comparative insights from Finland, Estonia, South Korea, and Singapore highlight lessons for enhancing school autonomy, accountability, and leadership training. The findings indicate that Uzbekistan is gradually moving from a centralized model toward data-driven management and limited autonomy.

This article presents general information about PISA tests and their significance in the education system. It also analyzes the role and importance of the PISA assessment framework in improving the methodology of teaching chemistry. The article highlights modern teaching methods used to enhance the effectiveness of chemistry education and their role in developing students’ critical and scientific thinking skills. In addition, practical recommendations are provided to increase the efficiency of chemistry teaching methodologies in preparing students for PISA assessments.

 This paper explores the growing impact of social networks on English language learning, particularly among young students in Uzbekistan. Drawing on recent data and pedagogical insights, the study highlights how social media platforms facilitate improvements in all four key language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. It discusses various tools such as Facebook, Skype, and blogs that promote active communication and practical usage of English, ultimately increasing learners’ motivation and reducing anxiety associated with traditional classroom settings. The study concludes that social networks serve as effective and accessible resources that complement conventional learning methods and support language acquisition in modern educational environments.

This article highlights the importance and role of raising legal awareness and legal culture in the process of building a democratic legal state. Legal culture is viewed as a crucial factor in ensuring social stability and citizen integration. Quotes from the speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh.M. Mirziyoyev, delivered on the 26th anniversary of the Constitution, emphasize the need to strengthen legal education among the population, especially the youth.

The article further explores the essence of legal consciousness and legal culture, their place in social life, and their influence on human behavior and activity. Legal culture is described using a symbolic "three-story building" model, which includes legal knowledge, attitude towards law, and legal behavior, with a foundation built on moral, ideological, political, and legal values.

In the final section, the article underlines the importance of cooperation between family, community (mahalla), and educational institutions in shaping the legal culture of the younger generation. It discusses the social and legal responsibilities of parents and their influence on children’s upbringing. The need to integrate pedagogical and psychological approaches in legal education, provide methodological support to parents, and involve youth in entrepreneurship and sports is emphasized.

This article discusses the pivotal role of education in the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan. Since gaining independence, Uzbekistan has undergone significant reforms in various spheres, including higher education. The state prioritizes the creation of a new Renaissance by fostering talented scientists and specialists through quality education. The paper highlights the government's strategic efforts to enhance the education system, its adaptation to modern economic demands, and the link between educational quality and sustainable economic growth. Investments in human capital and the expansion of educational autonomy are identified as key factors for national competitiveness and economic security. The ongoing educational reforms aim to align training programs with market needs and improve youth employment opportunities, ensuring Uzbekistan’s prosperity in the global arena.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical importance of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) educational technology in primary education. The STEAM approach has been shown to develop children's creativity, critical thinking, collaboration and problem-solving skills through the integration of science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics. The article examines the advantages of implementing STEAM in elementary schools, the problems that arise, and ways to overcome them.

This article provides a brief overview of STEAM educational technology and detailed information on the importance of using this technology in primary education.

This article explores the similarities and differences between two great epics of world literature: Homer`s Odyssey from ancient Greece and the Turkic epic Alpomish . By analyzing themes of heroism, loyalty, journey, divine intervention and cultural context, the paper highlights both universal aspects of epic storytelling and the distinctive ways in which different societies express their values through oral tradition. The comparison demonstrates how epics not preserve history and identity but also serve as cultural bridges across time and geography.

This article examines the role and significance of innovative technologies in shaping modern approaches to pedagogical activity. The study emphasizes the need to transform traditional educational practices into technology-driven and interactive forms, focusing on digitalization, artificial intelligence, e-learning platforms, and virtual pedagogical environments. The research highlights the ways in which innovative technologies contribute to improving the quality of teaching, fostering students’ creative and critical thinking, and increasing the effectiveness of educational management.

In Uzbekistan, the problem of preservation and restoration of architectural monuments remains relevant, despite the active state policy and regulatory measures of recent years. Many facilities are in poor condition, which requires a comprehensive scientific approach, the involvement of qualified specialists and modern technologies. The study is based on an analysis of restoration projects in historical cities and identifies key barriers to the effective protection of cultural heritage.

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This article analyzes the names of melon (qovun) and gourd (qovoq) seed varieties cultivated in the Khorezm region. The study focuses on the linguistic and cultural features of these names, their etymology, and their reflection of the region’s agricultural traditions. The research also explores the influence of neighboring Turkic languages on the formation of these plant names and their role in everyday speech and folk terminology.

 Particular attention is paid to ensuring the necessary level of collection of taxes and other mandatory payments in the Republic of Uzbekistan, radical improvement of services on the basis of cooperation between large taxpayers, tax administration and tax obligations. In the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M.Mirziyoev to the Oliy Majlis dated December 28, 2018, “one should be interested in the timely payment of taxes, not tax evasion. The new version of the Tax Code should provide incentives for honest taxpayers, who are the backbone of the country's development, and punish those who operate in secret. It is necessary to reduce the tax burden, introduce a fair tax regime for all, and gradually abolish tax benefits. " is one of the important tasks in this regard.

In this article, we conducted research on the identification of the abilities of gifted students, and in our research work, we conducted research on the organizational abilities of gifted children based on the methods of “Test for the identification of communicative abilities of gifted children”, “Test for the identification of organizational abilities of gifted children”, and “Determination of areas of abilities”. The family is a part of society, in which a new person is born, it is the primary school of life for a small social group. Parents, as the first teachers and educators of the child, must first of all be psychologically prepared,

A talent is a specific form of abilities that ensure the successful implementation of

Storytelling brings the dry rules in the textbook to life and transforms grammar into meaning through thoughts, events, and characters. The main idea of teaching English grammar through storytelling is that students do not memorize the rule separately, but perceive and remember it in context; language forms are stored in long-term memory and become automatic when connected with the purpose of communication. The story shows students "why" and "where" the language is used - deepening their understanding of grammar. This article discusses the benefits of using storytelling in teaching English grammar.

The study explores the improvement of teaching methodology for the subject “History of Chemistry” within an innovative educational environment through an integrative approach. The paper emphasizes the need to connect historical, scientific, and technological perspectives to enhance students’ analytical, creative, and reflective thinking. The integration of digital resources, virtual laboratories, and interdisciplinary teaching is considered as a key factor for increasing the effectiveness of chemistry education. The article also presents methodological recommendations for educators to implement integrative and innovative strategies in teaching chemical history, which contribute to forming a scientific worldview and research culture among learners.

To study the features of the formation of educational motivation of students in the system of primary vocational education and to develop effective approaches to increase the motivational component of the educational process.245 students from professional educational organizations participated in the study. The methods of questioning and testing according to the methodology of A.A. Rean and V.A. Yakunin, pedagogical observation and statistical data analysis were used.

This article examines the laws of probability theory – formulas of addition and multiplication, their mathematical essence, areas of practical application and examples. These formulas are widely used in statistical analysis, economics, engineering, natural sciences, and information technology.

This article discusses the enhancement of software testing methods through the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It highlights the limitations of traditional manual and automated testing approaches and explores how AI technologies—such as machine learning, neural networks, and natural language processing—can improve efficiency, accuracy, and adaptability in the testing process. The study emphasizes the potential of AI-driven systems to automate test generation, predict defects, and analyze test results intelligently, thereby reducing human effort and improving software quality assurance.

This article covers the issues of improving the effectiveness of wellness activities in physical education classes of elementary school students through action game tools. The positive effects of action games on children's organisms, their physical qualities and their role in the formation of a healthy lifestyle have been analyzed. Also cited are the methodology and practical recommendations for the effective use of action games in the course of the lesson. According to the results of the study, gaming tools have a positive effect on the activation of the health-improving activity of students, their physical and mental development.

This article covers the theoretical foundations of wellness fitness aerobics exercises, methodological approaches and their positive impact on human health. Fitness aerobics as a popular form of physical activity offers exercise complexes adapted for different age groups. The article analyzes the principles of Organization of aerobics training, the criteria for their selection, the health-improving effect that they show on the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and nervous system. Safety, loading and technical issues are also covered in the practical application of exercises, and some exercise complexes are presented as an example.

This article covers the issues of effective use of fitness aerobics in wellness classes for women of different ages. Taking into account the age-specific physiological changes of the female organism, adapted forms of fitness aerobics, types of exercises, load levels and methodology for organizing training were analyzed. The article describes the complexes of fitness aerobics exercises suitable for women aged 18-30 years, 31-45 years and over 46 years and their positive health effects on a scientific basis. Through the means of fitness aerobics, it is justified that women can improve physical fitness, cardiovascular system activity, mental stability and quality of life.

 This article will talk about the importance of sports and tourism in society, their role in the formation of a healthy lifestyle, as well as the development of sports tourism. The article examines the interrelationships of sport and Tourism, its impact on physical and spiritual health, and its economic aspects. This topic has been analyzed as an important factor for wellness and cultural exchange in modern life.

This article analyzes the essence of cognitive educational technologies, their role and significance in the formation of problem-solving competence in students. It also describes the current state and proposals for problem-solving based on the results of the PISA international assessment program.

This article covers the need, importance and practical ways to develop mass sports in organizations. Particular attention is paid to the role of mass sports in the formation of a healthy lifestyle in labor communities, increasing the physical activity of employees and ensuring productivity of work. The analysis shows that in organizations that have introduced sporting events, the socio-psychological environment improves, loyalty to work increases, and wellness indicators become higher. The article provides suggestions and recommendations for the formation of a sports culture in organizations, the introduction of intramural sports programs, the development of sports infrastructure and the promotion of employees.

 This article covers the role of mass sports in society, its role in the formation of a healthy lifestyle and its importance in increasing the physical activity of the population. The state policy on the development of mass sports in the Republic of Uzbekistan, adopted laws and decisions, as well as existing infrastructure and activities are analyzed. The article also analyzes the state of development of mass sports on the basis of Statistics and presents suggestions and recommendations for topical problems and their elimination.

This article will analyze the main methods of improving the physical fitness of players, modern technologies and training methodologies. Fitness focuses on developing players ' strength, stamina, speed, and flexibility, which is important in increasing their effectiveness in the game. The article will also show the importance of innovative technologies used in the training of young players, heart rate monitoring, GPS trackers and virtual reality tools. Combined with nutrition, recovery, and coaching approaches, fitness is the foundation for players ' long-term success in the sport.

This article covers the world-class popularity of football, its role and importance in the lives of millions of people. Football is analyzed not only as a sport, but as a global phenomenon with great social, cultural and economic implications. Also, information about the pace of development of football in Uzbekistan, the interest of the population in it and the attention shown by the state are presented. The article will reveal the role of football in the formation of community, competition and sports culture.

This article covers the pedagogical and methodological foundations of the development of physical qualities of elementary students through action games. The educational, educational and health-improving importance of action games has been analyzed, showing their positive effects on the children's organism. Ways to shape physical qualities such as agility, agility, endurance, balance, and strength are also covered through action games, and recommendations are made for the correct inclusion of games in the course process.

Pronunciation plays a crucial role in developing communicative competence and intelligibility in English language learning. However, it remains one of the most complex skills to teach and master for non-native speakers. This paper examines the main challenges faced by English teachers in teaching pronunciation to non-native learners. It focuses on linguistic interference, lack of teacher training, limited classroom time, inadequate resources, and learner affective factors. The study also suggests practical strategies to improve pronunciation teaching effectiveness through professional development, technology integration, and supportive classroom environments.