Pistachio cultivation has become increasingly vulnerable to fungal diseases, with significant implications for farmers, markets, and ecosystems. Countries like the United States, Iran, and Turkey—together producing the vast majority of the world’s pistachios—are facing growing challenges from pathogens such as Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Fusarium, and Botrytis. These fungi not only reduce yields and compromise nut quality, but also lead to economic losses due to contamination, particularly aflatoxins, which limit export potential. Environmental concerns are also mounting, as heavy reliance on chemical fungicides and monoculture practices reduce biodiversity and soil health. This review brings together recent studies to explore how climate change, pathogen evolution, and current agricultural practices are driving the spread and impact of these diseases. The article highlights the promise of integrated management strategies, including the use of biocontrol agents like Trichoderma and Bacillus, as sustainable alternatives. Ultimately, protecting pistachio production requires a coordinated global effort that combines scientific innovation with practical, region-specific solutions.

Pistachio, fungal diseases, aflatoxins, climate change, integrated pest management, Aspergillus, biocontrol, Botryosphaeria, sustainable agriculture, monoculture

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