Rheumatoid arthritis in women is characterized by a more severe course of the pathological process, and the lesion of individual joints depends on the gender of patients (in men, changes in the sacroiliac joints, the development of tendovaginitis, intra-articular Goff bodies are more often noted, and in women — the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers of the upper and lower extremities, maxillary and knee joints). There is a sexual dimorphism of the integral extraarticular (systemic) manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, while men have more frequent lung damage and the peripheral nervous system, and exclusively in the female group — Sjogren's syndrome and changes from the central nervous system. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the parameters of bone metabolism in the blood serum change, in addition, in patients with osteoporosis, there are common and gender differences in the concentrations of osteoassociated hormones and chemical elements.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease characterized by airflow limitation and chronic airway inflammation. The treatment of COPD is based on conservative and medicinal approaches aimed at reducing symptoms, improving patients’ quality of life, and slowing disease progression. This article discusses key methods of treating COPD, including bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy.

 The article discusses the principles of creating the components of the organizational and didactic structure of the development of digital competence in students through electronic educational tools in higher education institutions, the didactic content of developing digital competence in students through electronic educational tools.

Diversionary colitis is an inflammation of the disconnected segments of the colon that occurs after the application of a stoma. The disease develops due to a violation of energy metabolism and changes in the microflora in the distal loop of the intestine. Clinical manifestations include mucosal and bloody discharge from the rectum, intense abdominal pain, and tenesmus. For the diagnosis of colitis, rectoromanoscopy, colonoscopy with biopsy, and histological analysis are prescribed. If it is impossible to eliminate the colostomy, treatment is carried out conservatively. Drugs of local and systemic action that have anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and antiseptic effects are prescribed.

This article is devoted to the deontological aspects of pediatric dentistry. This science teaches the doctor to treat the patient not as an object of his observations and treatment actions, but as a person with his own spiritual world, his own desires, hopes, concerns, fears, because each person is individual, especially a child. Adults in most cases mobilize their will to actively suppress fear and negative emotions associated with the upcoming dental treatment, and a child cannot consciously assess the danger and be convinced of the need for treatment.

In most cases, inhalation anesthesia is used with halogen-containing drugs, in combination with local or intravenous anesthesia. The use of an inert gas, xenon, as an inhalation anesthetic in dental practice is promising. However, information on its use in children is limited.

This article examined the structure of a helium-neon laser and considered specific methods of its use in pediatric dentistry.

Allergies mainly occur when the immune system reacts incorrectly. Your immune system is designed to protect you from allergens, but the immune system's response often causes malfunctions or malfunctions within your body's complex system.

Remember, allergens are substances that are not in or around the human body. Therefore, we cannot really blame our body for not knowing how to deal with allergens and the allergies they cause. Therefore, when you come into contact with an allergen, your body may have an allergic reaction.

Because allergies can develop and worsen within minutes, medical attention is always recommended for all but the most minor and localized symptoms.

Call your healthcare provider if your reaction symptoms get worse within a few days or if they don't improve with recommended allergy treatments and allergen removal.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a prevalent, chronic, and progressive retinal degenerative disease of the macula that affects elderly people and cause central vision impairment. Neovascular (“wet”) form of age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in people over the age of 60 in economically advanced countries. Until recent time, the diagnosis of nAMD was actually a verdict for the patient in terms of visual prognosis - it was clear to both doctors and patients that a decrease in central vision was inevitable, the only question was the timing of maintaining functionally useful vision of the affected eye, as well as the timing of damage to the fellow eye and disability of the patient.

The results of the first screening study of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence among Andijan residents using the elastometry method are presented. The issues of non-invasive diagnostics and treatment of this pathology are considered.

One of the most common childhood diseases that requires an appeal to an otorhinolaryngologist is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. This disease is treated conservatively or surgically.

This article is devoted to the study of modern methods of early diagnosis of osteoarthritis in older age groups. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the joints, which is common mainly in older people. Early detection of the disease is important for improving the quality of life of patients and for effective organization of the treatment process. Modern diagnostic methods, including technologies such as digital radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, computer tomography, laboratory analyzes and arthroscopy are considered. These methods are important in identifying early signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, as well as in monitoring the progression of the disease.

The Article acknowledges the challenges faced by BSL users in navigating a predominantly hearing society, such as limited recognition and access to education and employment. It argues for the importance of promoting BSL literacy, fostering bilingualism, and ensuring inclusivity for the Deaf community within British society. The abstract concludes by emphasizing the rich linguistic and cultural tapestry of BSL and advocating for its continued growth and recognition as a vital part of British society.

This article reviews the instrumental diagnosis of eye injuries using ophthalmoscopy. It examines current literature on ophthalmoscopic techniques, their applications in trauma assessment, and recent technological advancements. The paper discusses the benefits and limitations of ophthalmoscopy in diagnosing various types of eye injuries and explores its role in modern ophthalmic practice.

Inflammation of the oral mucosa in the case of drug-induced stomatitis occurs as an allergic reaction of the body to drugs [6].  Most often, stomatitis occurs with oral use of the drug, but it can also occur without contact of the allergen with the oral cavity. The presence of additional symptoms in the form of itching, burning, coughing indicates an allergic origin of stomatitis[ 1]. The most important thing in drug-induced stomatitis is to detect the drug that caused the allergy. After its contact with the body has ceased, antihistamine therapy is prescribed. [4]. As a result of this pathological process, the patient develops damage to the oral mucosa. It can manifest itself in the form of swelling, spots, erosions, and fluid-filled blisters. Along with the rash, coughing, irritation, and itching may occur. [9]

A healthy lifestyle is an important factor that ensures physical, mental and social health of a person and increases the quality of life. The role of nurses in shaping a healthy lifestyle among the population is incomparable. They perform important tasks not only in the provision of medical care, but also in the field of health care and prevention. This article examines the role and importance of a nurse in the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

 Hypertensive disorders of pregnant women remain one of the current problems in obstetrics practice with surgical procedures and indications. Hypertensive disorders are the 2nd-3rd cause of maternal death, complicating the course of pregnancy and childbirth. Affecting the development of the fetus in the mother's womb, it leads to an increase in the percentage of perinatal diseases and death.

 This article will consider the issue of the national sport – kurash, as well as the expediency of the joint work of a coach and a sports doctor to obtain significant results in the preparation of young athletes for competitions.

In recent years, so much information has been collected in the field of microbiology that now it is divided into several branches, and these branches are on their own path of development. These include medical, veterinary, industrial or technical, agricultural, food microbiology, space microbiology, and others. Modern medical microbiology is a broad field, which, in turn, includes bacteriology (the study of bacteria), virology (the study of viruses), immunology (the study of the body's defenses against pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and those genetically foreign to the body It is divided into such disciplines as mycology (studying the activity of fungi that are harmful to the human body), protozoology (studying the life activity of single-cell pathogenic simple animals).

 Rheumatoid arthritis is a dangerous disease, the outcome of which is disability in 2/3 of patients. Is it possible to plan a pregnancy with such a pathology and what to expect in the process of gestation? The disease can worsen the condition of the expectant mother, therefore, it is worth approaching the child's planning with full responsibility and taking measures to prevent exacerbations and complications of pathology. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often affects women of childbearing age, which determines a long-standing interest in studying the mutual effects of pregnancy and RA.

 This article examines the importance of the science of Latin language and medical terminology in medicine. Latin has historically played an important role in scientific communication and standardized terminology in the field of medicine. Medical terminology reduces misunderstandings between doctors and patients by ensuring clear and understandable communication. The article provides information about the role of medical terminology in international communication, scientific research and education, as well as its practical application.

Approxіmately a thіrd of all medіcіnal preparatіons are made from plants or wіth the partіcіpatіon of substances of plant orіgіn. Іt іs more economіcal to extract the synthesіs of some chemіcal compounds contaіned іn plants and determіnіng the therapeutіc effect of a drug from plant raw materіals. Іt has been establіshed that іn a number of cases, the therapeutіc effect of plant preparatіons іs determіned not only by the maіn actіve substance, but by the entіre complex contaіned іn іt, іncludіng sugars, mіneral salts, and mіcroelements.

The interaction between stock brokers and clients is a fundamental aspect of financial markets, playing a pivotal role in the facilitation of investments and securities trading. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the roles, responsibilities, and challenges faced by stock brokers in their relationships with clients. Emphasizing trust, transparency, and technological influence, the study explores how these interactions have evolved, particularly with the advent of digital trading platforms. The article highlights key factors such as regulatory frameworks, the importance of personalized financial advice, and the growing reliance on automation. The insights presented offer a holistic view of broker-client dynamics and propose strategies to enhance these interactions for better market outcomes.

The study involved 30 patients, 17 of whom formed the main group and received the immunostimulant Derinat in the postoperative period, the effect of which normalized the indices of local and general immunity of patients with polypous ethmoiditis, and also reduced the number of relapses. The significantly low level of IgA after treatment increased to control values, the content of the reduced level of IgG normalized, and the high level of IgM significantly decreased to the control value.

The improvement of the population's welfare has become a central issue in modern socio-economic policies. This article explores the organizational and legal frameworks that govern the use of innovative factors in enhancing living standards. By analyzing successful case studies, policy frameworks, and technological advances, the article identifies key innovative factors such as digital technologies, green economy initiatives, and public-private partnerships. Furthermore, the study examines the legal instruments that support the implementation of these innovations, providing recommendations for creating more effective policies. The research emphasizes the importance of institutional reforms and strong legal mechanisms to ensure that innovation-driven strategies lead to sustainable improvements in the population's well-being.

 Biological sex is not only an important factor in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), but also determines some of its clinical features. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the clinical picture of the disease and social factors in patients with PD, as well as their impact on various domains of quality of life, depending on gender. The study included 103 patients with BP (48 men (46.6%), 55 women (53.4%); average age 65.47 ± 9.02 years). The female gender was associated with more severe gait disorder and more pronounced postural disorders. In addition, women had more frequent nausea and vomiting (21.8 vs. 6.3%), frequent urination (72.7 vs. 45.8%), anxiety (47.3 vs. 16.7%) and difficulty falling asleep (45.5 vs. 18.8%). The level of quality of life was statistically significantly lower in women (91.0 [63.5; 112.0] versus 65.0 [44.3; 86.8] points; p < 0.001). So, female Gender was characterized by more pronounced impairments in mobility, daytime activity, emotional well-being, stigmatization, and communication. The analysis of social factors showed that among patients with PD, there are statistically significantly more unmarried (20.0 vs. 4.2%) and widows (29.1 vs. 6.3%). Correlation analysis showed that the main motor and non-motor manifestations of PD reduce the quality of life in men more than in women.  It is concluded that social factors play a greater role in reducing the quality of life in women than clinical ones. The results of the study indicate that women with PD are more vulnerable to a decrease in the quality of life and more in need of psychological support to combat a serious progressive illness

Today, there has been a significant increase in the number of women giving birth among mentally ill women [9], which is associated with an increase in neurosis-like disorders in the population, and there is also increasing interest in the problem of neurosis-like disorders that arise during labor and delivery [19]. The studied literature data [20] indicate that various neurosis-like disorders occur in 29–80% of the total number of births, and borderline mental disorders occur in 10.0–79.3% of women in labor [15]. Which, in turn, allows us to conclude that there is a relationship between the neurosis of such disorders and the high incidence of complications of labor and delivery [11], the high percentage of cesarean sections and the high incidence of pathology in newborns [18]. The period of childbirth and the postpartum period is generally considered to be a time of increased risk of developing neurosis-like disorders, and pregnancy and childbirth themselves can become provoking factors in the development of existing hidden mental disorders [17].

Depression is a condition characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest in usual activities, which affects a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, and well-being. Depression in adults has a significant impact on quality of life, productivity, and social significance. It is known that women are approximately 1.7 times more likely to be at risk of developing depressive states. One of the most common disorders of the psychoemotional state in the postpartum period is postpartum depressive disorder, a problem that has become an active concern in recent decades not only for experts in psychiatry and psychology, but also for specialists in clinical medicine. However, until recently, the etiology and dynamics of depressive pathology remain insufficiently studied.

 The artіcle dіscusses the study of іnterrogatіve sentences іn the Uzbek and Englіsh languages, as well as the features of the spoken and wrіtten speech of the Chіnese language. Durіng the research, the ways of expressіon of іnterrogatіve sentences and the sіmіlarіtіes and dіfferences of these types of sentences іn comparatіve languages ​​are consіdered. Іn partіcular, the methods of expressіon of іnterrogatіve-command sentences found іn textbooks, manuals and works of several Uzbek and Englіsh scіentіsts are gіven wіth examples.

 The work studied in vitro changes in the digestibility of starch when interacting with fats in the composition of starch-fat substrates. As a result of the study, it was found that with increasing time of the joint presence and interaction of corn, rice or wheat starch with sunflower oil, there is a decrease in the digestibility of starch under the influence of salivary amylase and an increase in its content in starch-fat substrates. In addition, using a substrate containing corn, rice or wheat starch together with sunflower oil and increasing the interaction time of salivary amylase and sunflower oil, there is no decrease in the digestibility of starch under the influence of salivary amylase and an increase in its content in the composition of starch-fat substrates. These changes are due to the fact that when salivary amylase acts on starch-fat substrates, the resulting starch-fat complexes may be factors preventing the hydrolysis of starch, and the inhibitory ability of salivary amylase by fats is not observed.

  Боли в спине часто являются ведущими при ограничении активности у лиц трудоспособного возраста и резко снижают качество жизни у более пожилых пациентов. Исследования показывают, что от 60 % до 80 % населения индустриально развитых стран страдают болями в спине различного генеза [Бурулин A.A., 1986, Jennifer L.K., Anne L.G., 1990,Кузнецов В.Ф., 2004, Педаченко Е.Г, Кущаев C.B., 2004]. По результатам изучения эпидемиологии болевых синдромов у взрослого населения России распространенность хронической боли в спине составляет 42,4% - 56,7% [Педаченко Е.Г., 2000, Шор Ю.М., 2009], а ежегодная заболеваемость - 5% [Вейн A.M., 2001, Habar S., Saifuddin A., 2002, Путилина M.B. и соавт., 2007]. Боли в спине чаще беспокоят людей наиболее активной социальной группы в возрасте 30-50 лет [Вейн A.M. и соавт., 2007]. По данным Л.Ю. Попелянского (1989), трудовые потери в России, связанные с болью в поясничном отделе позвоночника, составляют до 161 дня на 100 работающих, а заболеваемость с временной нетрудоспособностью — до 23 случаев на 100 работающих [Дудаев А.К. и соавт., 2011, Путилина М.В. и соавт., 2007]. иВ настоящее время активно ведется внедрение новых технологий в спинальной нейрохирургии, направленных на улучшение качества вмешательств, их миниинвазивность. Наиболее широкое применение в лечении таких патологий как спондилолистез, дегенеративный стеноз позвоночного канала, при взятии биопсийного материала, выполнении вертебропластики находят роботоассистированные оперативные вмешательства. Роботоассистенция позволяет еще на дооперационном этапе рассчитать наиболее идеальную траекторию введения винта на основе данных компьютерной томографии и скорректировать ее, при необходимости, на интраоперационном этапе по данным совмещения предоперационных KT снимков и рентгеновского снимка, выполненного в процессе операции. За счет этого подхода уменьшается риск интраи послеоперационных осложнений. Немаловажно и то, что данная методика позволяет стабилизировать необходимые уровни и транскутанно.

 Мочекаменная болезнь занимает одно из первых мест по частоте обращаемости за урологической помощью в лечебно-диагностические учреждения [Аляев Ю.Г., 2010; Глыбочко П.В. и соавт., 2011; Скворцова Н.В. и соавт., 2011; Doizi S. et al., 2013; Ghani KR., et al., 2014]. В Российской Федерации на 2009 год число зарегистрированных больных составляло 490,5 на 100 тыс. населения и эта цифра постоянно растет [Аксель Е.М., 2010; Черепанова Е.В., Дзеранов Н.К., 2010; Голованов С.А. и соавт., 2011].

Сахарный диабет (СД) 2 типа относится к числу наиболее распространенных заболеваний в большинстве экономически развитых стран [Аметов А.С., Соловьева О.Л., 2011; Дедов И.И., 2012; Маслова О.В., Суниов Ю.И., 2011; Flavell S.J. et al., 2008]. По данным Международной федерации диабета (2013), в настоящее время в мире СД диагностирован у 382 млн. человек, при этом имеется не>клонная тенденция к росту заболеваемости: с 1980 г. число больных СД 2 типа увеличилось более чем в два раза [Page К.А., Reisman Т., 2013]. Прогнозируется, что к 2035 г. общая численность больных СД увеличится на 55% и составит 592 млн. человек [1DF, 2013], при этом более 90% которых будут иметь СД 2 типа. Социальная значимость СД определяется тяжелыми сосудистыми осложнениями (инфаркт миокарда, инсульт, гангрена нижних конечностей, нефропатия и др.), приводящими к ранней инвалидизации и высокой летальности [Бирюкова Е.В., 2010; Дедов И.И. и соавт., 2008; Дедов И.И., 2012]. Достижения последшгх лет в изучении механизмов развития СД 2 типа способствовали развитию принципиально новых взглядов на генез заболевания и его осложнений. В последние годы активно обсуждается роль хронического воспаления в развитии и прогрессировании атеросклероза, ожирения, метаболического синдрома, ннсулинорезистентности (ИР) [Andersson С.Х. et al., 2008; Badawi А. et al., 2010; De Lorenzo A. et al., 2007; Pradhan A., 2007]. Ключевая роль в реализации воспалителыюй реакции и активашпг моноцитарномакрофагального звена иммунитета принадлежит шггокинам, таким как фа1стор некроза опухолн-о (ФНО-а), интерлейкин-1 (IL-1, а- и р-формы), IL-6, трансформирующий фактор роста (ТФР-Р) и др., в то время как 1L-10 рассматривается в качестве эффекторного ингибитора воспаления [Кетлинский С.А., Симбирцев А.С., 2008; Терехин С.А. и соавт., 2013]. Данные о повышении уровня маркеров воспаления (С-реактивного белка, ФНО-а, 1L-1, IL-6), их взаимосвязь с тяжестью вегетативньгх нарулиений и дисфункцией эндотелия у больных СД с ожирением, нефропатией, ретинопатией и кардиоваскулярной формой автономной нейропатии [Бондарь И.А., Шабельникова О.Ю., 2009; Dalla Vestra М. etal. 2005; El-Mesallamy И.О. et al. 2011; Joussen A.M. et al., 2004], расширяют и конкретизирутот представление о иммунно-воспалительной модели заболевания.

The aim of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of paremiological units expressing the categories of desire and aspiration in English and Uzbek. Qualitative and quantitative methods were employed, including comparative analysis of metaphorical and cultural features of proverbs. The main results show that despite cultural differences, both English and Uzbek proverbs express similar universal values, such as labor, responsibility, and aspiration for success. The findings emphasize that metaphors related to physical labor are prevalent in Uzbek culture, while English proverbs often utilize more abstract social imagery. The novelty of the study lies in identifying culturally specific elements of paremiological units, which enhance the understanding of cross-cultural communication through proverbs.

 Idiomatic expressions involving body parts are rich with cultural significance, providing insight into how different societies perceive human anatomy in relation to emotions, behaviors, and values. This article explores the cultural symbolism associated with body parts—such as the head, heart, eyes, hands, feet, tongue, back, and skin—in idiomatic language. It examines how these body parts are used metaphorically to represent intelligence, emotion, perception, action, courage, speech, trust, and resilience. The discussion highlights the shared and unique cultural perspectives reflected in these idioms, revealing universal aspects of human experience and cultural variation in expression.

According to UNICEF, migration can create unfavorable conditions not only for the migrants themselves, but also have a negative impact on children, who are most often left with relatives in their own country.  In Uzbekistan, children are often left with family members or relatives who act as guardians when one or both parents migrate. Such children may face developmental, psychosocial and emotional problems as the absence of parents creates problems in caring for the chilParental migration in particular has a negative impact on the child's education, health and social status. Parental absence can cause a child to mature early due to increased housework and responsibilities, which can affect nutrition, academic performance, and depression.

Neurocirculatory dystonia is a syndrome of disorders of the cardiovascular system and its functions. In the initial state, neurocirculatory dystonia is characterized by signs of general asthenia, hypotension and bradycardia, which sharply weakens the adaptive capabilities of the body. As a result of the course of traditional physical rehabilitation in girls with neurocirculatory dystonia, it was possible to achieve a slight increase in the reserve capabilities of the cardiac and respiratory systems with some weakening of the manifestations of hypotension and bradycardia. The effectiveness of the author's version of physical rehabilitation showed the possibility of developing more pronounced positive changes in the body due to powerful activation of the reserve capabilities of the main life support systems against their background. The use of the author's version of rehabilitation has proven its advantages and high health potential.

In the course of the study, a differential diagnostic concept was created based on the definition of clinical-paraclinical, tensiometric, rheological, biochemical, microbiological, histological and instrumental criteria of the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of intrauterine pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants in the early neonatal period.

Cough is one of the leading reasons for visiting a pediatrician. The article presents the results of a study of the clinical effectiveness of treating dry cough using Sinekod syrup. The study involved 60 children aged 3–15 years with infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract and complaints of dry (unproductive) cough. Children in the 1st group (main) received Sinekod syrup in addition to standard therapy, while in the 2nd group (comparison) children received Stoptussin-Fito syrup.

This study investigates the intricate relationship between essential microelement exchange and the prevalence of microcirculatory dystonia among adolescents residing in iodine-deficient regions. Microcirculatory dystonia, characterized by dysregulation of blood flow in the microvasculature, can significantly impact the physiological and psychological health of adolescents. Given the critical role of iodine and other microelements in metabolic processes, the deficiency of these nutrients may exacerbate symptoms of microcirculatory dystonia. This research aims to elucidate the interrelations between these factors, contributing to enhanced understanding and management strategies for affected individuals. The results indicate a significant correlation between microelement deficiencies and the severity of dystonia symptoms, highlighting the need for targeted nutritional interventions in this population.

In children with autonomic dysfunction syndrome, structural transformations and changes in the functions of erythrocyte membranes of a destabilizing nature were revealed by the fluorescence spectroscopy method. Significant biophysical risk factors for the development of autonomic dysfunction syndrome in children aged 7-11 years were: low calcium-accumulating capacity of membranes, high rates of membrane-bound water and fluidity of the surface layers of the membrane, as well as an increased coefficient of asymmetry of the fluidity of the lipid bilayer.

Pathogen evolution is a key factor determining the spread and severity of infectious diseases. The aim of this article is to study the genetic adaptations of pathogens and their impact on the pathogenesis and dynamics of infectious diseases in humans and animals. The article discusses the mechanisms of mutations, horizontal gene transfer and other processes that contribute to the emergence of pathogen resistance to drugs and host immune responses. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of pathogen genomic data, which allows us to identify patterns of their adaptation in response to changing environmental conditions and therapeutic effects. The results show that pathogens actively adapt to antibiotics and antiviral drugs, as well as to the host immune system, which increases the likelihood of epidemics and complicates the fight against infections. One of the key findings of the study is the need to monitor genetic changes in pathogens to develop effective preventive and therapeutic measures. The contribution of the study is to understand the mechanisms of rapid adaptation of pathogens, which is important for epidemiology and medicine. However, the study is limited by the difficulty of predicting long-term evolutionary changes and the influence of ecosystem factors that can accelerate or slow down pathogen adaptation. Practical implications include the need to update treatment protocols and develop new drugs that can overcome pathogen resistance. Social implications affect the health care system, as increased pathogen resistance can lead to increased economic costs and mortality.

The abstract to the article " Microbiome and its Role in Infectious Processes: From Symbiosis to Pathology" is a comprehensive review of the current state of research on the relationship between the microbiome and infectious diseases. In recent years, the microbiome has become the subject of intensive study, since its components play a key role in maintaining the body's homeostasis and its resistance to infections. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the microbiome on the pathogenesis of infectious processes and to identify the mechanisms through which microbiota imbalance can contribute to the development of diseases. The methodology includes a systematic literature review, metagenomic analysis of microbiota samples , and experimental studies on model organisms. The main results show that disturbances in the composition of the microbiome can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and worsening clinical outcomes. The main findings highlight the importance of maintaining a balanced microbiome as a strategy for the prevention of infectious diseases. In addition, the study reveals new aspects of the interaction between the microbiota and the immune system, which opens up prospects for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on the restoration of normal microbiota . The limitations of the study are related to the incompleteness of existing data on the microbiome in different populations and conditions. Practical implications include the possibility of using probiotics and prebiotics to support health and prevent infections, which has significant social implications for public health and the healthcare system.

The article presents the hygienic characteristics of the diet of workers in cable production enterprises, which is due to specific working conditions and high physical activity affecting the health of employees. The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing literature on nutrition in this industry, identify deficiencies in the diet, and determine the impact of nutrition on the health of workers. The methodology includes a review and analysis of scientific publications, regulatory documents and recommendations in the field of food hygiene. The main results of the study showed that the diets of workers do not always meet the requirements of modern hygienic standards. Most often, there is a deficiency of proteins, vitamins and minerals, as well as a high content of high-calorie and low-nutritious foods. An important conclusion is the need to develop recommendations for optimizing the diet, which may include the introduction of balanced menus that meet the specifics of work and the needs of workers. The contribution of the study to the field of occupational hygiene is to systematize knowledge about the nutrition of cable production workers and identify current problems that need to be addressed. The limitations of the study are related to its literary nature, which does not allow for quantitative measurements. Practical implications include the need to revise the nutrition policy at enterprises, which can help improve the health and performance of employees. The social impact is to improve the quality of life of workers and reduce the burden on the healthcare system, which is important for the sustainable development of the industry.