The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system that plays a vital role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients essential for the body's functioning. This system includes various organs, each with specific anatomical features and functions that facilitate the breakdown of food, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. This article explores the detailed anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, describing the structure and functions of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. A comprehensive understanding of the GI tract's anatomy is crucial for diagnosing and treating various GI disorders. This review focuses on the anatomical features of each part of the GI tract and their physiological significance.

Muscle contraction is a complex physiological process that involves intricate interactions between muscle fibers, actin and myosin filaments, and regulatory proteins. One of the most widely accepted mechanisms of muscle contraction is the sliding filament theory, which explains how muscles generate force by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments relative to each other. This article discusses the mechanisms of muscle contraction, focusing on the sliding filament theory, and explores the role of ATP, calcium ions, and regulatory proteins in this process. Furthermore, it reviews recent research advancements and provides an in-depth analysis of the cellular and molecular events involved in muscle contraction, highlighting the significance of these mechanisms for overall muscle function and health.

Neurological disorders are a group of conditions that primarily involve the nervous system and are often characterized by progressive dysfunction. Among the most common neurological disorders are Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), both of which significantly affect cognition, movement, and quality of life. Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, while Parkinson’s disease primarily impacts motor control. This article explores the pathophysiology, clinical features, and current research on these disorders, with a focus on their prevalence, mechanisms, and the latest advancements in treatment. Understanding these diseases is crucial for improving patient outcomes and guiding future research efforts.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension and heart attacks, continue to be leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These diseases affect millions of people, resulting in significant healthcare burdens. Understanding the risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, and the available therapeutic strategies is crucial for addressing the global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. This article provides an overview of hypertension and heart attacks, focusing on their prevalence, causes, treatments, and the latest research findings. A comprehensive review of current knowledge and data is discussed, with a particular emphasis on recent advancements in prevention and treatment.

This scientific article explores the relationship between the duration of rehabilitation and its effectiveness in children aged 2 to 6 diagnosed with various forms of dysplasia. The study involved 16 pediatric patients with conditions such as hip joint dysplasia and connective tissue dysplasia. Rehabilitation durations ranged from 3 to 9 months. Each child received a personalized rehabilitation plan, including physical therapy, physiotherapeutic procedures, massage, kinesitherapy, psychopedagogical support, and home-based sessions involving parents.

The findings revealed a direct correlation between the length of rehabilitation and clinical outcomes: longer and more consistent therapy led to significant improvements in motor activity, muscle tone, and coordination. In contrast, short-term interventions yielded only temporary symptom relief.

The results highlight the necessity of a staged, comprehensive approach tailored to the child's age and condition, as well as the importance of family involvement in ensuring optimal rehabilitation outcomes for young children with dysplasia.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disorder that commonly affects children and is characterized by intense pruritus, dry skin, and eczematous lesions. Its prevalence has significantly increased in recent decades, especially in urban and industrialized areas, making it one of the most common dermatological conditions in pediatric populations. The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and environmental factors. Recent studies emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment approaches. Modern methods of treatment involve a combination of basic skin care (emollients and moisturizers), topical anti-inflammatory therapies (mainly corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors), and advanced systemic therapies in severe or refractory cases. Among innovative approaches, the use of biologic agents such as dupilumab—a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling—has shown significant efficacy and safety in children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Moreover, attention is increasingly given to non-pharmacological management including allergen avoidance, dietary adjustments, psychological support, and patient education. This article provides an overview of current diagnostic criteria and evidence-based treatment strategies, highlighting the role of emerging therapies in improving the quality of life in pediatric patients. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and long-term disease monitoring.

This article outlines key strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases, including adherence to hygiene protocols, immunization, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, limiting contact with infected individuals, ensuring food and water safety, controlling vectors such as insects and rodents, preventing sexually transmitted infections, enforcing infection control in healthcare facilities, and preparing for potential epidemics.The article emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach that combines individual behavior and public health initiatives. Simple hygiene practices such as regular handwashing can significantly reduce infection risks. Vaccination remains one of the most effective tools in protecting against numerous infectious diseases, while a healthy lifestyle enhances the immune system’s ability to combat pathogens.

This study compares different methods for diagnosing breast cancer, focusing on their sensitivity, specificity, and clinical usefulness. Using the PICO framework, we reviewed key studies published from 2002 to 2024, sourced from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In total, we analysed 8 studies, covering a range of diagnostic techniques. These methods include traditional approaches like Core Needle Biopsy (CNB) and Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA), as well as more advanced methods such as Abbreviated MRI (ABB-MRI), image segmentation algorithms, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, blood-based proteomics, and cytometric testing. The findings showed that CNB had the highest diagnostic performance overall. However, ABB-MRI and some molecular techniques offered strong non-invasive alternatives. Computational tools, while promising, still need more validation for widespread use. In conclusion, no single diagnostic method stood out as the best for all cases. Instead, a combination of different approaches, tailored to each patient’s specific situation, seems to be the most accurate and efficient strategy for detecting breast cancer.

Acne is an inflammatory skin condition that primarily begins during adolescence but can persist into adulthood. It is not just an aesthetic issue; it significantly affects an individual’s psychological well-being and social life. People suffering from acne often experience low self-esteem, depression, and social challenges. This thesis explores the psychological effects of acne and its impact on social adaptation.

Background: COVID-19, a new strain of coronavirus, has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The first documented case of the virus was in China in December 2019. Aims: Developing a prognostic chart and planning the use of medical resources for early detection and diagnosis of Covid-19. Materials and methods: The study was conducted using a case-control method. For this, we included 600 cases and 600 healthy controls infected with Covid-19 in 2020-2022, and analyzed their risk factors for developing the disease. Results: Based on our analysis, in 2021 the level of occupancy of positions in this hospital was 95.6% for doctors, 57.5% for junior medical staff, and 52.2% for junior medical staff. From this we can conclude that in 2021, junior medical staff and junior medical staff occupied almost half of the total staff. Conclusion: Widespread use of a prospective table that allows for a comprehensive assessment of the risk group among the population and patients will allow medical workers working in the ENT institutions and heads of healthcare institutions to develop scientifically based measures aimed at reducing the incidence of the disease, its early detection, diagnosis and adequate treatment.

The article discusses the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, including tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, unhealthy lifestyle, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, and air pollution. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by eliminating behavioral and environmental risk factors. It is important to detect cardiovascular diseases as early as possible, as treatment, medication, and a healthy lifestyle and diet are essential.

Iodine plays a crucial role in human physiology as an essential component of thyroid hormones. This review examines iodine's biological significance, consequences of deficiency, and preventive measures. Current data indicates that iodine deficiency affects nearly 1.9 billion people worldwide, particularly impacting cognitive development in children and pregnant women. The paper analyzes thyroid dysfunction mechanisms (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism) and their clinical manifestations. We discuss diagnostic approaches and public health strategies for iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), emphasizing the importance of universal salt iodization programs. Recent research on iodine's extra-thyroidal functions and optimal supplementation guidelines are also presented.

Congеnital hеart dеfеcts (CHD) arе anatomical and functional changеs that occur during thе еmbryonic dеvеlopmеnt of thе hеart and its main blood vеssеls. This articlе rеviеws thе common forms of CHD, thе rolе of modеrn diagnostic mеthods in thеir еarly dеtеction, and trеatmеnt stratеgiеs. Thе advantagеs of ultrasound (еchocardiography), X-ray, ЕCG, and MRI in diagnostics arе highlightеd. Thе еffеctivеnеss of surgical intеrvеntions, drugs, and rеhabilitation mеasurеs in trеatmеnt is analyzеd. Thе articlе also providеs information on thе possibilitiеs of CHD prеvеntion through prеnatal scrееning and gеnеtic counsеling.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is a prevalent and aggressive form of cancer that primarily affects the mucosal lining of the mouth, tongue, and surrounding tissues. This carcinoma is particularly significant due to its high incidence rate and its potential for early metastasis, making timely diagnosis and staging critical for effective management. This article explores the essential role of Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis, staging, and management of oral cavity SCC, providing an in-depth overview of the technology’s capabilities and applications. MSCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that offers detailed, high-resolution cross-sectional images, enabling the accurate visualization of soft tissue structures, bone involvement, and lymph node metastasis. The study underscores the importance of MSCT in identifying the extent of the tumor, detecting local invasion, and assessing for regional lymph node metastasis, which are crucial for staging the disease and planning treatment strategies. Additionally, contrast-enhanced MSCT plays a pivotal role in delineating tumor boundaries and assessing vascular involvement, which aids in surgical planning. The article highlights the advantages of MSCT over other imaging modalities, such as MRI and PET-CT, in terms of spatial resolution, speed, and cost-effectiveness, especially in resource-limited settings. It emphasizes the value of MSCT in detecting both primary tumors and recurrences, making it a key tool in the follow-up phase of patients undergoing treatment for oral SCC. Furthermore, the article addresses the limitations of MSCT, particularly in detecting small lesions and in evaluating the depth of invasion in some cases, where other imaging methods may be more suitable. By providing a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, the article underscores the critical importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the management of SCC, which involves collaboration between oncologists, radiologists, and surgeons. This collaborative approach ensures that treatment decisions are based on a thorough understanding of the tumor’s characteristics and its interaction with surrounding structures. Additionally, the article explores how early detection through imaging can significantly impact patient outcomes, with surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy being tailored to the individual needs of the patient. In conclusion, this article offers an extensive examination of the role of MSCT in enhancing the diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning for oral cavity SCC. It emphasizes the need for continuous advancements in imaging technologies and the integration of these technologies into clinical practice to improve the overall prognosis for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of spasmophilia, a condition marked by muscle spasms, convulsions, and other neurological symptoms often triggered by imbalances in calcium or magnesium levels. The article discusses the various types of spasmophilia, including their clinical manifestations, risk factors, and the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the condition. It also delves into the preventive strategies that can help mitigate the occurrence of spasmophilia, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balanced diet, proper hydration, regular exercise, and timely medical checkups. Furthermore, the article explores several treatment methods, including pharmacological interventions such as calcium and magnesium supplementation, as well as lifestyle adjustments and physical therapies. The role of early diagnosis and continuous management in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life for affected individuals is also examined. By providing detailed insights into both prevention and treatment, this article aims to raise awareness and assist healthcare professionals in effectively managing spasmophilia.

Urolithiasis is one of the most pressing clinical problems in urology, as the incidence of the disease increases annually, this disease is diagnosed in 12% of the world's population, being the most common disease of the urinary tract. This increase can be explained by many factors, including missed cases of small stones, sedentary lifestyle, high BMI, lack of physical activity and poor nutrition. In addition, a significant contribution to the formation of urolithiasis can be made by an increase in the incidence of comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, infections and multiple surgeries on the urinary tract. Kidney stones have been shown to exhibit a “twinkle artifact” (TA) on color Doppler ultrasound. Although this technique has better specificity than conventional B-mode imaging, it has lower sensitivity. To improve the overall performance of TA as a diagnostic tool, the Doppler output parameters were optimized in vitro . The data collected support the previous hypothesis that TA is caused by random vibrations of micron-sized bubbles trapped in the cracks and crevices of kidney stones. A set of optimized parameters was implemented such that MI and TI remained within FDA-approved limits. Several clinical renal scans were performed with the optimized settings and stones were detected with improved SNR compared to the default settings.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder in children characterized by motor and movement impairments. One common complication is hypersalivation (excessive drooling), which negatively affects the child's health. Hypersalivation can disrupt oral hygiene, nutrition, psycho-emotional state, and social functioning. Botulinum therapy has emerged as an effective method for treating hypersalivation. Our study investigates the benefits of botulinum therapy in children with CP.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition arising from perinatal injuries to the central nervous system, characterized by persistent motor and postural disorders, along with cognitive impairments in children. The hyperkinetic type is manifested by uncontrolled and involuntary movements such as dystonia, athetosis, and choreic hyperkinesias. Since brain functional plasticity is high in children under the age of 5, the early implementation of modern neurorehabilitation methods is particularly important. One such method is transcranial micropolarization (TCMP), which improves neurophysiological activity by applying low-intensity electrical currents to specific brain regions.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological syndrome resulting from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage occurring before or during childbirth. It is characterized by movement disorders and altered muscle tone. The period under 5 years of age is marked by intense neuroplasticity, making timely and effective rehabilitation crucial for the child’s neurological development. In this context, botulinum toxin-based injection therapy (botulinotherapy) has gained prominence in recent years as an effective method to reduce spasticity and promote functional recovery.

This article covers the areas of application of metals in medicine. Metals are widely used in medicine in the manufacture of prostheses, implants, surgical instruments and diagnostic tools. Their biotechnological properties, corrosion resistance and biological compatibility make them important materials in medical and surgical practice. In particular, the importance of metals such as titanium, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, gold and silver is emphasized. The article also analyzes the effect of these metals on the human body, their safety and long-term service life. The study also covers innovations and prospects in medical metallurgy.

The external environment plays a significant role in the development of modern diseases, and it affects the development of hypertension, and the most rational and useful harmless way to prevent this is to calm down. If a person does not keep his nerves, hypertension can be aggravated even more. About high blood pressure (hypertension) - causes, symptoms, classification, treatment methods. Relevance: Today, hypertension, which is ongoing all over the world, is very difficult for patients. At this time, very negative effects are occurring on the human body. How to correct such diseases in the human body, how long does their recovery period last and how much money does it cost. At this point, the question arises: what is hypertension? What kind of disease is it, diarrhea or heart failure? Hypertension is a sharp increase in blood pressure in the human body, often a violation of the circulatory system.

Post-thyroidectomy neck hematoma represents a major concern for surgeons because it can result in severe and even life-threatening complications. In fact, postoperative hemorrhage may result in airway compression and respiratory distress, and therefore, effective hemostasis is an important goal in thyroid surgery. Postoperative hematoma occurs at a rate of approximately 0.1% to 1.1%. Almost all cases occur in the first 6 h after surgery and can be the result of several surgeon or patient factors. For many years the clamp-and-tie technique has been the most common way to divide the main vascular pedicles of the thyroid gland. Alternatively, bipolar electrocautery has been used for only very small vessels. Other hemostatic systems have been introduced and proved to be potentially very useful in neck surgery and, in particular, for thyroid surgery.[1] Treatment of hematomas really depends on the symptoms. Most hematomas need to be evacuated and reexplored, but only an unstable or progressively worsening hematoma in a patient requires immediate evacuation at the bedside. Reintubation in a controlled operating room environment is often possible. The most senior endoscopist should perform the intubation because significant epiglottis and arytenoid edema may be present. During surgical history, numerous technical advances have emerged in hemostasis, the suture ligatures, vessel ligating clips, electrocoagulation by mono- or bipolar instruments, and topical hemostatic agents, the use of which is mainly promoted in the last years in thyroid surgery as in other surgical disciplines.

The problem of prolapse and prolapse of the internal genitalia in women has remained relevant for many years. In almost all cases, patients with OIVVD have functional disorders of the pelvic organs, the so-called complicated form of OIVPO, characterized by the involvement of the bladder and intestines in the process. Rectocele is a pathological condition that is etiologically and pathogenetically associated with pelvic organ prolapse. Proctologists define a rectocele as a diverticulum-like protrusion of the anterior wall of the rectum towards the vagina [1], and in gynecological literature, this term refers only to the prolapse or prolapse of the posterior vaginal wall [2]. The clinical picture of rectocele in OIVVPO consists of several groups of symptoms: symptoms of impaired motor-evacuation function of the colon, symptoms of genital prolapse, sexual dysfunction. The main signs characterizing rectal dysfunction are the symptoms of obstructive defecation: prolonged constipation, the need to use a finger aid (transvaginal, transrectal or perineal) in order to eliminate the prolabrating anterior wall of the rectum and facilitate its emptying. The patient has to strain for a long time with the active involvement of the abdominal press, patients are bothered by frequent and ineffective urges to defecate, a feeling of discomfort with downward pressure.[5] Disruption of the fecal evacuation process is accompanied by inflammatory changes in the distal parts of the colon and the occurrence of concomitant proctological diseases. This is manifested by the discharge of blood from the anus, prolapse of internal hemorrhoids, flatulence, and pain during defecation [1, 7]. For the treatment of rectocele, many conservative therapy regimens are used aimed at normalizing the stool and strengthening the pelvic floor muscles, but the main method of treatment remains surgical.[3,4] Traditional reconstructive plastic surgery on the pelvic floor is aimed at eliminating the diverticulum-like protrusion of the anterior wall of the rectum into the vagina and strengthening the rectovaginal septum.

 This article discusses the general principles of organ and tissue transplantation, focusing on the concepts of transplantology and prosthetics. Organ and tissue transplantation represents one of the most advanced and life-saving branches of modern medicine. The paper analyzes the fundamental principles of transplantology, including ethical, clinical, and technological aspects. Special attention is given to donor selection, immunological compatibility, and the long-term viability of the transplanted organ. The article also highlights global disparities in access to transplantation services and emphasizes the necessity of establishing a safe and equitable donor system worldwide.

This article explores the use of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit in folk medicine. The chemical composition, medicinal properties, and benefits of various decoctions and infusions made from different parts of the pomegranate are analyzed. Based on research, the article highlights the positive effects of the pomegranate fruit on the human body due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and blood-purifying properties.

Background: Ovarian cancer remains one of the deadliest gynaecologic malignancies due to its late-stage diagnosis and the lack of effective early screening methods. CA-125, a serum biomarker, has long been used in clinical practice, but its diagnostic accuracy continues to be debated. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CA-125 in detecting ovarian cancer across different clinical settings, with attention to variations based on age, ethnicity, and care context. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between 1988 and  2025. From an initial pool of 12 studies, 6 were included based on relevance, methodological rigor, and availability of quantitative diagnostic data. Metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC were extracted and compared.Results:CA-125 demonstrated variable diagnostic performance. Sensitivity ranged from 50% to over 90%, while specificity was generally higher in hospital-based settings. One Indonesian study reported an overall accuracy of 94.5% using a 36.5 U/ml cutoff. Ethnicity affected CA-125’s predictive value, with lower PPVs observed in Asian and Black women. Longitudinal evidence showed that elevated CA-125 levels can precede clinical diagnosis by several years. However, algorithmic models like ROMA showed only marginal improvement over CA-125 alone. Conclusion: While CA-125 is a useful diagnostic tool—especially in secondary care—its limitations in primary care and across diverse populations highlight the need for context-specific interpretation. Integration with imaging, risk algorithms, and emerging biomarkers may enhance early detection and reduce false positives in ovarian cancer diagnostics.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive clinical and biochemical study of women with external genital endometriosis (EGE) and infertility, aimed at elucidating the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated infertility. The study included 117 women: 44 patients with EGE, 19 women with tubal-peritoneal infertility (comparison group), and 24 healthy women (control group). Analysis of gynecological and obstetric histories revealed a high incidence of primary infertility (67.4%), along with a significant prevalence of menstrual cycle disorders and chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases among women with EGE. Pain syndrome of varying severity was identified as the leading clinical manifestation of EGE, though it did not consistently correlate with the extent of tissue damage observed during laparoscopy. Biochemical analysis of lipid peroxidation (LPO) markers in blood plasma and peritoneal fluid showed a marked intensification of oxidative processes in women with EGE, especially in advanced stages (Stage III), compared to the comparison and control groups. Elevated levels of neutral lipids, lipid hydroperoxides, diene conjugates, and a higher oxidative index indicated a pronounced oxidative stress and a significant imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems. The findings emphasize the critical role of oxidative stress in the development of EGE-associated infertility and highlight the potential of targeted antioxidant therapy as a strategy to improve reproductive outcomes in affected women.

41 newborn children were examined. Bacteriological analysis of culture was carried out in 32 newborns with umbilical wound infection and eye infection of the contents of the conjunctival cavity in 41 newborns.

The weight of newborns were 3000-4000g-6 (14.6%), 2500-2999g-9 (19.5%), 2499-2000g-12 (29.2%), less than 2000g-14 (34.1%) ).

All newborns underwent bacterial inoculation of the contents of the umbilical cord and conjunctival cavity before receiving antibacterial treatment.

The obtained data of bacteriological analysis indicate the leading role of gram-positive bacteria Staph-Epidermis - 71.3% and Staph-aureus - 13.6%, the share of other pathogens was from 3.4%. In 11.7%, the culture was sterile.

This article discusses the origin of congenital hydrocephalus, its impact on maternal and child health. In particular, it analyzes how infectious diseases transmitted to the mother during pregnancy, including viral and bacterial infections, affect the development of congenital hydrocephalus. The article presents infections during pregnancy and their impact on neurological development, as well as clinical manifestations, diagnostics and treatment methods of hydrocephalus. The article provides recommendations for maintaining maternal and child health, preventing infectious diseases. This work, based on research and clinical experience, serves as a useful resource for medical professionals.

The article presents the results of a study to determine the prognostic significance of markers for predicting the degree of damage to renal structures at the stages of treatment of patients with nephrosclerosis on the background of chronic pyelonephritis.

The article analyzes the evolution of braces, one of the main tools of orthodontic treatment, their types and improvements based on modern technologies. Depending on the material, braces are divided into metal, ceramic, sapphire and plastic types, and their advantages and disadvantages are studied from a scientific point of view. Also, the methods of installing braces and the criteria for selecting systems that meet the individual needs of patients are covered. The results of the study show that modern innovative technologies play an important role in increasing the effectiveness of orthodontic treatments.

Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease that occurs as a result of direct skin contact with external factors. This article discusses the clinical forms, etiology, and differential diagnosis of contact dermatitis. The clinical differences between allergic and irritant forms, diagnostic methods, especially the importance of patch testing, and important criteria for differentiating them from other skin diseases are presented. Correct diagnosis and treatment of contact dermatitis allows for effective management of the disease.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is one of the most severe and prognostically unfavorable complications of cardiovascular diseases. Over the past 30 years, the average life expectancy of patients with this diagnosis has increased from 3.5 to 8 years. This module contains information on modern CHF treatment options that a cardiologist should have at all stages of medical care: from outpatient care to a heart failure specialist.

Diseases of the digestive system occupy a leading place in the system of general non-communicable diseases of a person, which in turn leads to serious complications. An increase in gastroenterological diseases associated with malnutrition, chronic stress, etc. has been observed. In European countries, the prevalence of these diseases is 26-27 cases per 100,000 population. In the USA, this figure is 40-50 per 100,000 population, and in Uzbekistan, it is 60-70 cases per 100,000 population. This determines the need to develop comprehensive approaches to their treatment, including the use of medicinal herbal preparations that have a wide therapeutic and prophylactic effect, low toxicity, mild effect, help to quickly eliminate symptoms of exacerbation, prevent relapses and restore functions in pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population is 0.2 - 2%, but in certain groups of the population, in particular, among the elderly, it reaches 15%, so hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Overt hypothyroidism is an absolute indication for replacement therapy with thyroid hormones. Currently, L-thyroxine monotherapy is mainly used for replacement therapy of hypothyroidism, although studies that would directly compare it with L-T4 + LТЗ combination therapy have been virtually non-existent to date. In recent years, reports have begun to appear in the literature on some advantages of L-T3 + L-T4 combination therapy for hypothyroidism. A number of studies indicate positive dynamics of psychological indicators against the background of L-T4 + L-T3 combination therapy compared to L-T4 monotherapy. On the other hand, some studies have not confirmed the advantages of combination therapy compared to L-T4 monotherapy. Thus, to date, there is no clear data on the possible advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy L-T4 + L-T3 compared to L-T4 monotherapy. It should be noted that, despite the simplicity and convenience of L-T4 monotherapy, some patients, for various reasons, are in a state of chronic decompensation of hypothyroidism, or, despite maintaining a normal TSH level, present complaints characteristic of hypothyroidism, which to some extent may be evidence of the imperfection of this replacement therapy.

Any surgical treatment is obviously stressful for the patient. It inevitably provokes pain, nausea, hypercoagulation, increased catabolic processes, stress on the mechanisms of maintaining water-electrolyte balance, increased load on the cardiovascular system and lungs, often causes sleep disturbance, increased fatigue, leads to cognitive dysfunction (Gologorsky V.A., 1988; Kehlet H, 2002).

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common visceral manifestation of chronic calcium channel blockers use, resulting in impaired esophageal clearance and retention of ingested food. Progression of gastroesophageal reflux disease and the damaging effect of  due to esophageal dysmotility is clearly understood . Nifedipine is a widely prescribed calcium antagonist in a significant percentage of ischaemic heart disease patients in order to inhibit coronal vasospasm. We describe the case of severe exacerbation of gastroesophageal reflux disease in a 76-year-old female with Gastroesophageal refluxe disease  who was treated with oral nifedipine for Ischaemic heart disease.

This article explores the potential effects of Rifampicin on hearing in patients recovering from brucellosis. While Rifampicin remains a cornerstone in the treatment of brucellosis, concerns have emerged regarding its possible ototoxicity. The review evaluates whether auditory complications stem from the drug itself or from brucellosis-induced neurological damage, particularly neurobrucellosis. Clinical data suggest that Rifampicin, when used alone, is not significantly associated with hearing loss. However, the risk increases when combined with other ototoxic agents such as aminoglycosides. The article emphasizes the importance of audiological monitoring in patients with neurological symptoms and advocates for cautious use of combination therapies.

Musical art directly and strongly affects a person already in the first years of his life and occupies a large place in his general cultural development. Music is close to the emotional nature of the child. That is why music therapy can become not only a way of developing a child's personality, but can also be successfully used as a method of correcting childhood neuroses, various disorders and defects of the psyche of children. We observed 32 children with the сonsequences of perinatal damage to the nervous system (СPDNS) aged from 4 months to 1 year, who received music therapy courses against the background of conventional therapy. After the inclusion of music therapy in the treatment complex, the neurological status, EEG and Echo-EG indicators had a faster positive dynamics.

COVID-19 is transmitted from person to person and is caused by a new type of coronavirus. In children, it often runs without symptoms such as fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. However, it is children who require special attention, because among them there may be those who still need hospitalization.  In addition to wearing a mask, you should wash your hands frequently, cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing, and avoid close contact with anyone who has symptoms characteristic of acute respiratory infections or influenza: coughing, sneezing, fever.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster) is a viral disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), which persists in a latent state within the sensory ganglia after primary infection with chickenpox. This reactivation typically occurs when the immune system is compromised, making elderly individuals, people with chronic illnesses, and children with immunodeficiencies particularly susceptible to the disease. Clinically, shingles presents as a painful, vesicular rash localized along a dermatome, often accompanied by neurological symptoms such as burning, itching, and, in severe cases, postherpetic neuralgia. While the disease is more frequently observed in older adults, its occurrence in children, especially those with weakened immune systems, highlights the need for thorough preventive and treatment strategies. This article explores the clinical features of shingles in different age groups, emphasizing the importance of modern preventive measures, including the role of vaccination in reducing disease incidence and severity. The analysis of recent scientific studies underscores that early diagnosis and prompt antiviral therapy significantly reduce the risk of complications, such as postherpetic neuralgia, secondary bacterial infections, and neurological impairments. Furthermore, advancements in immunotherapy and the development of more effective antiviral medications have improved patient outcomes. By reviewing current treatment protocols and the latest research on shingles management, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease, its impact on public health, and the most effective strategies for prevention and treatment.

This article provides an overview of the common blood disorders that affect children, highlighting their symptoms, early warning signs, and the importance of seeking medical assistance. It discusses various blood conditions such as anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and platelet disorders. The article emphasizes the significance of early detection, outlining the typical symptoms to watch for, such as pale skin, excessive bruising, frequent infections, and pain episodes. Additionally, it offers practical advice for parents, including early measures like diet improvements and regular monitoring of symptoms. Finally, the article reviews available medical treatments, such as medications, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants, to help manage these conditions effectively.

In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) outbreak a global pandemic. Almost two years later, there have been more than 600 million cases and more than 6.5 million deaths worldwide [1]. Despite the exact mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19 remaining unknown, it has been suggested that during the response to SARS-CoV-2 the immune dysregulation and the high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines might represent pivotal causes of tissue damage. In this context, statins, which are usually used to treat dyslipidemia, gained attention due to their potential role in COVID-19 prognosis [2]. Several studies highlighted their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, and antiviral properties that may translate into improved short- and long-term outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Apparently, vascular lesions in COVID-19 are more significant than the cytotoxicity of the virus in cardiomyocytes. Of course, cardiovascular implications of COVID-19 are most dangerous for those who, on the basis of preexisting atherosclerosis, already have chronic lesions of the coronary/cerebral arteries and marginally reduced perfusion reserves of the myocardium and other vital organs.

The article summarizes information about actinic keratosis, presents modern literature data on the epidemiology of the disease, the features of the clinical picture, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy of the disease

This article examines the forensic medical approaches to diagnosing and analyzing traumatic injuries to the lungs and liver resulting from road traffic accidents. It presents the pathophysiological mechanisms, injury classifications, and diagnostic methods used to identify both ante-mortem and postmortem trauma to these vital organs. Given the high incidence of thoracoabdominal trauma in vehicular collisions, the forensic interpretation of such injuries plays a critical role in determining the cause and mechanism of death, reconstructing the accident scenario, and establishing causal relationships between mechanical trauma and biological response. The study emphasizes the medico-legal value of autopsy findings, radiological imaging, histological evaluation, and biomechanical analysis in comprehensive forensic assessment.

In liver cirrhosis, the normal functioning of hemostasis is disrupted, which leads to an increased risk of both thrombosis and bleeding. The study of platelet changes in such patients helps to understand the pathogenesis of these disorders and contributes to improved diagnostics and therapy.

This article broadly covers the role and importance of modern information technologies in the field of medicine. Based on current trends such as electronic health systems, telemedicine, artificial intelligence, mobile applications and health monitoring, as well as medical data security, it analyzes how information technologies have created convenience for patients and doctors. It also covers the prospects and future role of these technologies in the healthcare system.

This article discusses upper respiratory tract infections in children, their causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and modern approaches to treatment. Also discussed preventive measures .

This article discusses upper respiratory tract infections in children, their causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and modern approaches to treatment. Also discussed preventive measures .

The relevance of this study lies in its comprehensive examination of the frequency and patterns of genetic disorders in Central Asia—a region where such conditions are often overlooked in public health planning. Due to cultural practices such as consanguineous marriages and limited access to specialized genetic services, the risk of hereditary diseases remains high.

This study examined the frequency, causes, and clinical features of constipation development in newborns delivered by cesarean section. Compared to naturally delivered infants, newborns born via cesarean section showed impaired intestinal motility and microbiota formation, which contributed to the development of constipation. The results demonstrated a correlation between the method of delivery and gastrointestinal disorders during the neonatal period.

Fast food has long ceased to be just a convenient meal – it has become an integral part of modern consumer culture, especially among young people. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of fast food on health, mental well-being, and social behavior among youth. The reasons for the popularity of fast food, its long-term consequences, and possible ways to minimize harm are examined. The article presents data from international studies and real cases of healthy eating programs implemented in different countries.

 The scientific article on "Prevention of Progression of 1st and 2nd Degree Pelvic Organ Prolapse" is focused on studying the development of pelvic organ prolapse in women at stages 1 and 2. The article discusses the mechanisms of disease progression, its pathogenesis, and major risk factors, including pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, heredity, and the higher incidence in older women. The clinical manifestations, symptoms, and signs of the disease are also detailed. The article highlights effective conservative treatment methods for 1st and 2nd-degree prolapse, such as Kegel exercises, pessaries, physiotherapy, and weight reduction. Each of these methods is explained in terms of how they help slow down the progression of prolapse and their positive effects on the female body, supported by scientific studies and clinical experience.The article also emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prevention, as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Early detection of 1st and 2nd-degree prolapse and the application of modern treatment approaches can significantly improve women's quality of life. Furthermore, the article recommends promoting a healthy lifestyle, regular gynecological check-ups, and preventive measures to reduce the risk of the disease.

This article explores the perinatal outcomes in women with a coagulated cervix, focusing on how cervical coagulation procedures may affect pregnancy and neonatal health. Cervical coagulation, often performed to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or chronic cervicitis, can lead to structural changes in the cervix. These changes may increase the risk of complications such as preterm birth, cervical insufficiency, and low birth weight in neonates. The study analyzes current literature and clinical observations to evaluate these risks and to provide recommendations for the management of pregnancies in such cases.

The article addresses pressing issues related to the prevalence and intensity of dental diseases, emphasizing the critical role of oral hygiene in the onset and progression of major dental pathologies. As individuals age, the condition of their dental and jaw systems tends to deteriorate, resulting in a higher likelihood of tooth loss. This, in turn, increases demand for restorative dental services. The declining oral health indicators among the population of Khabarovsk highlight a growing need for prosthodontic care, periodontal treatment, and management of advanced carious lesions—conditions that frequently lead to tooth loss, even among younger individuals. These diseases often result in persistent morphological and functional changes in the masticatory system, which adversely affect the digestive process, facial aesthetics, chewing efficiency, and speech capabilities. Consequently, there is a notable surge in demand for comprehensive dental care services.

This article studies the negative effects of carbon monoxide (CO) on the male reproductive system, in particular the testicles. Based on experimental and scientific sources, the effects of carbon monoxide on the process of spermatogenesis, the morphological structure of testicular tissue, and hormonal balance were analyzed. The results of the study indicate that carbon monoxide poses a serious threat to reproductive health. It was also determined that the mechanisms of action of carbon monoxide are caused by oxygen deficiency in the body and increased oxidative stress. This work is important for assessing the health risks of carbon monoxide, preventing occupational diseases, and developing environmental safety measures.

This article analyzes innovative approaches to the development of winter wheat varieties that are resistant to salinity. The effectiveness of biotechnological methods such as traditional breeding, genetic engineering, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, microbial inoculants, and biohumus in the development of salt-tolerant varieties is considered. The results of the research indicate that it is possible to increase productivity and ensure agricultural sustainability by developing wheat varieties that are resistant to salt stress.

This article discusses the chemical structure of vitamins, their solubility in water and fats, their biological importance in the human body, and their role in metabolic processes. Each type of vitamin is examined individually, including their chemical properties, synthesis, and storage conditions. Furthermore, the article elaborates on pathological conditions associated with vitamin deficiencies—such as hypovitaminosis and avitaminosis—their clinical signs and consequences. The article is of significant importance in preventing health issues related to vitamin deficiencies and serves as a useful source for researchers in the fields of medicine and biology, as well as for practicing professionals.

This article discusses the clinical course of Crohn's disease, diagnostic options, types of surgical approaches and their effectiveness, as well as ways to prevent postoperative relapses. The course of the disease with persistent inflammation, the high risk of recurrence, and the need for an individual approach to each patient are analyzed.

This article explores the modern advancements in diagnosing chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), a progressive kidney disease that can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It highlights the importance of early and accurate diagnosis for effective disease management. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as urinalysis, serum creatinine levels, and renal biopsy, are still widely used; however, recent technological advancements have greatly improved the accuracy and non-invasiveness of CGN diagnostics. The article focuses on various biomarkers (such as Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Kidney Injury Molecule-1, and transforming growth factor-beta), proteomics, genomics, and advanced imaging techniques, including multiparametric MRI, ultrasound elastography, and PET-CT. Additionally, it examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in automating diagnosis and predicting disease progression. These innovations allow for early detection, personalized treatment, and better monitoring of CGN. Ultimately, the integration of these technologies aims to improve patient outcomes by reducing the need for invasive diagnostic procedures.

Cucurbita pepo seed extract is a bioactive natural compound obtained from the seeds of the Cucurbita pepo plant. This extract is characterized by its rich nutritional profile, encompassing a wide range of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and other bioactive molecules with potential health benefits. The extract has been studied for its role in promoting prostate health and exhibiting significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While pumpkin, a fall-harvested melon crop, is well-known for its positive effects on health, its seeds are even more beneficial, although not all are aware of these advantages. Pumpkin seeds have been associated with maintaining healthy and radiant skin, and dietary intake of these seeds has been linked to a reduced risk of various cancers, including those of the stomach, breast, lung, prostate, and colon. Notably, the lignans present in pumpkin seeds are thought to contribute significantly to the prevention of breast cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that higher lignan consumption is correlated with a lower incidence of cancer.

The study found that the content of pro-inflammatory IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 in the blood and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in patients with hemorrhagic stroke who received anti-edematous lymphotropic and anti-neuroinflammatory therapy significantly decreased on days 5 and 10 of treatment compared with the control group.