Community–acquired pneumonia is an acute lung disease that occurs in people who are out of hospital conditions, having both bacterial and viral etiology. The main mechanism of pathogen transmission is the aerosol mechanism, which is implemented by airborne droplets and airborne dust routes. Pneumonia as an independent disease is characterized by a rather severe course, a longer period of convalescence, and frequent subsequent the occurrence of pulmonary complications, up to a fatal outcome. Pneumonia is a significant health problem in Uzbekistan. According to the Ministry of Health, the publication of data on the incidence of pneumonia began on July 5, 2021. As of August 4, 2021, 559 people were diagnosed with pneumonia, of which 477 recovered, and 4 patients died. These data show that pneumonia continues to be a serious threat to public health. It is important to note that the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan also publishes statistics on the incidence of pneumonia, along with data on new cases of coronavirus. In order to combat this pathology, a key role is assigned to modern treatment methods, including timely hospitalization, diagnosis and comprehensive treatment aimed at eliminating etiological, pathogenetic and symptomatic links. Due to the prevalence of the disease, its Measures for the prevention and rehabilitation of patients are urgent problems of contagiousness, as well as the frequency of complications after the disease.

 Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease that primarily affects premature infants and is characterized by inflammation and necrosis of intestinal tissue. Management of NEC often involves medical treatment and surgery. Laparocentesis, a minimally invasive procedure commonly used to drain fluid, has been studied as a potential adjunctive treatment for NEC. Laparocentesis is a useful adjunct in the acute treatment of NEC in neonates and may improve symptomatic relief while awaiting further treatment.

Achalasia cardia is a rare esophageal motility disorder that causes lower esophageal sphincter laxity, dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain. Although the disease is often diagnosed in adults, its appearance in children creates unique difficulties. Achalasia in children can significantly affect quality of life and nutritional status. Modern surgical techniques for the treatment of achalasia cardia in children, particularly laparoscopic Heller myotomy and POEM, have revolutionized treatment strategies. These methods allow effective relief of symptoms with minimal invasiveness, improving overall patient outcomes. Continued research is needed to improve these approaches and understand long-term effects.

Pyloric stenosis is a common disease of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, characterized by hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle, which leads to obstruction of the gastric outlet. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential to prevent dehydration and malnutrition. Conventional treatment consists primarily of surgical pyloromyotomy, which has demonstrated high success rates. However, advances in diagnostic imaging and minimally invasive surgical techniques have led to improved outcomes and shorter recovery times.

This article studies the clinical-neurological and biochemical characteristics of toxic-metabolic damage to the nervous system caused by hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants. Preterm infants were examined using traditional neurological examination methods, and the level of bilirubin in the blood was measured through biochemical testing.

We examined an inpatient patient who was admitted to the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the ASMI clinics with complaints of involuntary movements in the form of grunting, during the day, ceasing at night during sleep. With the appointment of topiromat preparations (topepsil 100 mg / day), in addition to the taken tiapride (tiaprosan at a dosage of 200 mg / day), a decrease and disappearance of vocal tics was noted in several days. The described features inherent in vocal tics allow us to conclude that the combined use of anticonvulsants and tiapriides is effective in treating patients with extensive use of the frontostriatal systems.

 We studied the spread of acute intestinal infections in young children in the Andijan region. A total of 938 children under three years of age were monitored. We used an instant surveillance - during the summer season (2024 May-September)  clinical pattern and outcome of acute diarrhea in children up to three years. The data obtained indicate a variety of types of diarrhea in children.

An analysis of 76 medical records of patients with stage 4 HIV infection was conducted, and the frequency and spectrum of diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens were studied.

Cerebrovascular pathology takes the second place among the main causes of death and is the main cause of disability of the population. Therefore, it is considered as an important medical and social problem. A stroke is a disease that can make a person disabled. About 60% of stroke patients remain disabled. Most of them are "bed-ridden" during their lifetime, unable to move independently and even take care of themselves a little.

Viral encephalitis diffuse or focal inflamattory changes in brain structures caused by the penetration of viral agents into them. The clinical picture is variable, depends on the type of virus and the state of the immune system of the diseased, is made up of general infectious, cerebral and focal manifestations. The diagnostic algorithm includes EEG, Echo-EG, CT, MRI of the brain, lumbar puncture and liquor analysis, polymerase chain reaction to identify the pathogen. Соmbined treatment: antiviral, antiedematous, anticonvulsant, antihypoxant, neuroprotective, psychotropic.

Heavy chain diseases are malignant neoplasms (paraproteinemic hemoblastoses) characterized by hypersecretion of heavy chain fragments and the complete absence of light chain immunoglobulins of various classes, which leads to damage to the lymphatic and hematopoietic systems. Diseases of the γ (gamma), α (alpha), µ (mu) and exceptionally rare – δ (delta) heavy chains are distinguished.

This article cites the percussion of the lung, its achamity, in which case the percussion of the lung is performed in such an order. The methodology of this process and the sequence of execution are presented on the basis of the procedure on what skills students will acquire in the process of disembarkation to students. This was done on the basis of the basic law rules on how to perform this process in the work of a doctor to students. This greatly allows students to accurately diagnose lung percussion.

The article describes the application features of ARGETSEM glass ionomer silver-containing radiopaque two-component cement for the treatment of dental caries in children and adults. The problem of dental caries treatment is one of the most important in dentistry. As a result of a clinical study, the marginal fit of ARGETSEM glass ionomer cement fillings modified with silver fluoride was not noted after 6, 12 and 24 months.  

 The paper discusses modern approaches to the assessment of etiopathogenesis and treatment of chronic pharyngitis. The results of the application of a new diagnostic method, mass spectrometry of microbial markers, which makes it possible to detect microorganisms in a biofilm in a "dormant state" under the protection of mucin, are presented. Using this express method, it is possible to determine the content of 57 microorganisms in a pharyngeal smear 2 hours after delivery of the biomaterial to the laboratory. Using mass spectrometry of microbial markers, it was found that 91% of people with chronic pharyngitis (n= 62) had an increased total content of microorganisms, which indicates the need for antibacterial therapy; 87% of patients had increased endotoxin levels, which is a sign of general intoxication; 71% of patients had reduced plasmalogen levels and these patients They may be at increased risk for lipid metabolism disorders.; in 100% of the examined patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic pharyngitis, the nasopharyngeal microflora (coccoid) is detected in the pharynx, as well as new etiopathogenetically significant microorganisms (undetectable by PCR and crops), among which 7 are transient (their level is normally 0 in the pharynx), 11 are resident (6 occur in the pharynx in the norm is at a minimum level and 5 is at a high level). 

There has never been a disease in the history of mankind that has  not  attracted  such  close  attention  of  the  entire  medical  and  non-medical  community as HIV infection. This has caused numerous scientific studies around  the  world  and  enormous  economic  costs.  AIDS  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous  infectious  human  diseases  threatening  the  existence  of  the  human  population,  since the death of infected people is inevitable on average 10-11 years after HIV  infection Among the large number of manifestations of HIV infection, skin lesions  occupy  a  special  place.  Exantem symptoms  can  have  an  important  diagnostic   both  for  the  acute  stage  of  the  disease  and  for  determining  the  stages  of  secondary diseases.

The diagnostic challenges, clinical features, treatment options, and prevention strategies for acute viral hepatitis with parenteral transmission mechanisms (specifically hepatitis D and G), which comprise a small proportion of all acute viral hepatitis cases, are discussed in this study. The widespread occurrence of these infections, combined with advancements in modern diagnostic techniques and the high frequency of progression to chronic forms, underscores the significance of addressing viral hepatitis as a critical issue for public health, particularly within the context of domestic healthcare systems.

The article provides an overview of the importance of serological markers for hepatitis D and G viruses, presenting an analysis of their clinical interpretation. In-depth discussions on modern pharmacological treatments, including interferon-based therapies, are included. Additionally, the necessity for specific preventive measures, post-exposure prophylaxis, and passive immunization strategies are thoroughly considered.

In some instances, subclinical infections may progress to rapidly advancing chronic liver diseases, eventually leading to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Following an incubation period of variable length, viral replication within liver cells reaches its peak, resulting in the presence of viral components in bodily fluids and excreta. This process induces hepatocyte necrosis and triggers an inflammatory response, clinically manifesting as liver damage, accompanied by corresponding laboratory abnormalities. The host's immunological response plays a pivotal, albeit not fully understood, role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Acute viral hepatitis with parenteral transmission ranks among the most significant infectious diseases in Uzbekistan, primarily due to its high prevalence, severe clinical course, and frequent progression to chronic forms. Addressing this urgent public health concern is intrinsically tied to advancements in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of acute viral hepatitis.

At 48 patients true eczema in the age of from 20 till 55 years. Radioimmunologiche by a method have studied the contents in plasma of blood Luteinisirium gormonae (LG). The concentration Luteinisirium gormonae during an aggravation at all patients was is authentically reduced in comparison with control, both in folliculinum, and in luteinisirium to a phase menstrual of a cycle in plasma blut at all patients was considerably reduced in thou phases menstrual of a cycle, is especial at an aggravation of skin process.

The development of pemphigus in a 65-years old woman with obliterated onset of the disease, possibly, proved to be the cause of the late diagnostics, and resulted intountimely initiatedtherapy. Positive result was achieved after the correct interpretation of clinical and morphological findings and complex therapy.

Infectious mononucleosis is a widespread disease most often caused by the herpes virus Epstein-Barr (EBV), affecting 80-90% of the population. With timely and accurate diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, the effectiveness of treatment of infected patients is manifested by a decrease in the duration of fever, the severity of proliferative syndrome in the lymph nodes, and a more rapid cessation of the cytolysis process.

In the article, the rate of infection among women of reproductive age in Samarkand region is analyzed. The article is intended for information purposes, and no targeted epidemiological study of the prevalence of TORCH infections has been conducted in this region. The data obtained on the main pathogens included in the TORCH infection group are screening data and are used to assess the specific humoral response of the population.Purpose: to study the results of laboratory research on the determination of markers of TORCH-infections.Methods: 13 572 laboratory tests of blood serum samples from 1778 patients were performed. The research was conducted by IFA method.Results of research: Tests were performed in different age groups (0-80years) of male and female sex, assigned profile research on TORCH-infection.Of all the results obtained, the percentage of seropositive was 52,72%. The main component is the addition of IgG to herpes virus, rubella virus and cytomegalovirus, and the presence of antibodies IgG and IgM to toxoplasma infection is minimal.Extracts: Currently, laboratory diagnostics has sufficiently sensitive and highly specific test systems for the detection of TORCH-infection by serological methods, which was confirmed by the minimum percentage of "indeterminate" results for all classes and types of immunoglobulins.

The problem of measles infection is caused by the widespread spread, high contagiousness, and the defeat of all age groups of the population. World-class experts have concluded that due to vaccination, complete elimination of the measles virus is possible. The main reasons for the increase in morbidity are the “elusive” migration of the population from the vaccine, as well as late diagnosis of the disease and therefore not timely anti-epidemic measures.

 Rebamipide is a cytoprotector developed in Japan, where it has been successfully used to treat stomach diseases for 30 years. The initially discovered mechanisms of action of the drug included the induction of prostaglandins and the removal of free oxygen radicals. Over the past 10 years, studies have been conducted that have discovered new therapeutic targets for the drug, its new dosage forms have been developed, which has made it possible to use rebamipide to treat diseases such as NSAID enteropathy, ulcerative colitis, radiation colitis, reservoirs, enteropathy with impaired membrane digestion. It is used in endoscopy, ophthalmology, chemotherapy, rheumatology.

The article presents the historical development of ideas about the protective mucous barrier in the stomach, provides a modern understanding of cytoprotection in the stomach and describes the capabilities of pharmacological cytoprotective drugs. The cytoprotective properties of drugs based on bismuth salts are presented.

 The interaction of hypokinesia (reduced physical activity) and gamma rays on the amylolytic activity in the blood and liver tissue of young and old rats, and the activity of the digestive mechanism and the intensity of metabolic processes and general changes in the process of homeostasis are based on the literature, and rats, like other organizations, are consistently exposed to cosmic rays and natural radionuclides in water, soil, food, and atmospheric air. The study of the activity of the amylolytic enzyme of the organism using therapeutic is useful radiation in medical practice and its comparison with age are discussed.

 Although the classification of vitamins is not sufficiently scientifically sound, there is something in common with water-soluble vitamins. This commonality lies in the fact that they possess the ability to dissolve and are part of many coenzymes.

Ureaplasmosis in men is an inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract. This disease refers to sexually transmitted infections. Symptoms are usually absent; the most common manifestations are fever of varying severity, urinary disorders, sexual dysfunction and infertility. Diagnosis is based on the detection of the pathogen in a scraping from the urethra, urine or prostate secretions; serological methods are allowed. Treatment is etiotropic – antibacterial drugs, as well as pathogenetic and symptomatic agents.

The article presents the results of the study of morphological and biochemical indices of blood of ewes of the 1st and 2nd grading classes bred in the West Uzbekistan region. It was established that the blood values ​​indicate that larger meat and wool ewes of the desired type and average live weight of the production group of the 2nd class differed at the morphological level. According to the structure of the morphological composition of the blood, larger animals were characterized by slightly higher indices, which indicates a higher level of energy and protein metabolism in their body.

Varicose veins, often referred to as varicosities, are a prevalent manifestation of chronic venous disease (CVD). They are dilated, elongated, and tortuous subcutaneous veins typically found in the lower extremities, resulting from valvular incompetence, venous hypertension, and subsequent venous wall remodeling. While many view varicose veins primarily as a cosmetic concern, they can significantly impair quality of life and progress to severe complications, including skin changes and ulcerations if left untreated. This comprehensive article aims to provide a thorough overview of varicose veins, including their historical context, epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and the various conservative, minimally invasive, and surgical treatments available. The article also addresses the importance of prevention, emerging therapeutic options, complications associated with the condition, and future directions in research and management.

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has become a mainstay treatment for superficial venous insufficiency, traditionally employing laser wavelengths in the range of 810 nm to 1470 nm. In recent years, however, higher-wavelength laser systems (>1900 nm) have been introduced, with the goal of optimizing energy absorption in water and reducing collateral tissue damage. This systematic review evaluates the current literature on endovenous laser ablation with laser wavelengths above 1900 nm, focusing on efficacy, safety, and procedural outcomes. We discuss the theoretical advantages of higher-wavelength lasers, such as improved vein closure rates and reduced postoperative pain, alongside the existing clinical evidence. By synthesizing available data, this review aims to guide clinicians considering the adoption of 1900+ nm laser systems and to highlight areas where additional research is needed.

Varicose veins are a prevalent manifestation of chronic venous disease (CVD) and a significant source of morbidity and healthcare costs globally. Historically, surgical ligation and stripping were the mainstay treatments. However, the past two decades have seen the rise of minimally invasive interventions such as endovenous thermal ablation (laser or radiofrequency), sclerotherapy (foam or liquid), and non-thermal, non-tumescent techniques (cyanoacrylate closure, mechanochemical ablation). These procedures differ not only in clinical outcomes—like vein closure rates and patient satisfaction—but also in cost profiles, resource utilization, and cost-effectiveness. This comprehensive review explores the economic burden of varicose veins and analyzes the cost-effectiveness of contemporary treatment options. By synthesizing the available literature and economic studies, this review provides valuable insights for clinicians, policymakers, and payers involved in managing venous disease. The article highlights key methodologies for cost-effectiveness analysis, compares direct and indirect costs, and discusses how different healthcare settings influence cost evaluations. While most interventions have demonstrated favorable cost-effectiveness relative to surgery, nuances remain in areas such as long-term recurrence, the influence of patient comorbidities, and evolving device costs.

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has revolutionized the management of varicose veins by offering a minimally invasive alternative to traditional surgical stripping. As a mainstay treatment for superficial venous insufficiency, EVLA provides high success rates, faster recovery, and improved patient satisfaction. This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of EVLA, covering its historical evolution, technical principles, patient selection, procedural steps, outcomes, complications, comparative effectiveness, and future directions. While endovenous laser therapy is widely accepted as a first-line option in many clinical settings, understanding its intricacies—from device specifics to post-procedural care—is critical for optimizing results and minimizing risks.

Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT)—often referred to as endovenous laser ablation (EVLA)—has emerged as a highly effective, minimally invasive technique for the management of superficial venous insufficiency, most notably varicose veins of the lower extremities. By offering a safer alternative to traditional surgical stripping, EVLT quickly gained traction among vascular specialists due to its high success rates, favorable patient outcomes, and rapid recovery. Yet, despite its widespread adoption, potential complications and technical considerations must be well-understood to maximize the safety profile and achieve optimal early efficacy. This review provides an in-depth analysis of EVLT, focusing on mechanisms of action, early efficacy data, and complications that can arise in the early postoperative period. Emphasis is placed on recognizing risk factors, managing adverse events, and comparing EVLT with other contemporary therapies. Ultimately, the article underscores the importance of tailored patient selection, meticulous technique, and follow-up protocols to ensure both effectiveness and safety.

The article is devoted to atypical pneumonias caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, their clinical features, diagnostics and treatment. The article presents cases of clinical observation of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae.

 The study of of hypertension problem  becomes necessary from the point of view of developing effective and safe methods of treating hypertension, since a look at the pathogenesis of hypertension from the perspective of the interaction of the endothelial system with the thrombosis system is a potential target and from a therapeutic point of view this dictates the need to study the effect of antihypertensive drugs on the state of the thrombosis system in conjunction with endothelial dysfunction.

Болезни сердечно-сосудистой системы считаются ведущей в мире по распространенности группой заболеваний широкого спектра, к которым относятся патологии, влияющие на качество жизни человека, в частности, от синусовых аритмий до острых инфарктов миокарда. Несмотря на достигнутые в последние годы успехи в изучении патоморфологии, клинического течения, диагностике заболеваний этой системы, сохраняется ряд нерешенных проблем с точки зрения выбора методов лечения и их эффективности.

 In this study, we examined the morphofunctional changes in the lower limb vessels of rats with experimental diabetes. The diabetes model was induced by streptozotocin administration, which led to the development of hyperglycemia in animals. Microscopic, histological, and X-ray vasographic studies were performed at different times during the experiment (5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days). The results showed that diabetes causes destructive changes in the vascular walls, endothelial thinning, microcirculation disorders, and vascular wall sclerosis. These changes worsen over time, leading to deterioration of blood supply and the development of trophic ulcers on the limbs. 

This scientific article focuses on Alzheimer's disease, which is mainly prevalent in older adults. We will explain the importance of this disease by paying special attention to the etiology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's. The article also discusses recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and sheds light on emerging strategies to improve patient outcomes. Alzheimer's disease is a major global health problem with diverse epidemiology, risk factors and treatment options[1]. This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art in treating Alzheimer's disease and to provide new insights into the pathogenesis and causes of Alzheimer's disease.

Syphilis, or wound disease, is a sexually transmitted disease that, if left untreated, can cause serious complications, but with the right approach it can be easily cured. The causative agent is the bacterium Treponema pallidum [1]. The disease is divided into stages (primary, secondary, latent and tertiary). Each stage of the disease has its own different symptoms.

 Rickets and osteoporosis are diseases characterized by impaired mineralization and strength of bone tissue. Rickets primarily affects children and is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, which disrupts the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, manifests in adults as a loss of bone mass and increased bone fragility. Treatment involves the administration of vitamin D and calcium supplements, as well as various physiotherapy methods.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs due to the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. The main causes of this disease are as follows:

 The morphology of the intestinal lymph node was studied in 16 experimental dogs after 2/3 gastric resection. Thus, changes in the lymphatic system of the intestine, their restoration and the reactions of the compensatory adaptation depend on the methods of gastric resection, which occurs after the acute injury of the main vascular-nervous systems of the stomach.

For the first time, a set of preclinical experimental studies of the new drug "Sulfoparin" developed at the Institute of Chemistry and Physics of Polymers of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan was carried out. It was revealed that Sulfoparin does not have a resorptive and irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, does not cause sensitization of the guinea pigs organism. The drug does not have a cumulative effect. On an experimental model on white rats, it was established that Sulfoparin does not have a sensitizing effect.

In recent years, there has been a global increase in the prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and other chronic diseases, posing significant threats to public health and the economy. Diabetes mellitus has been recognized as a global issue that is rapidly advancing, leading to severe complications that reduce the quality of life and elevate healthcare costs. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is approximately 5-6%, particularly affecting individuals over the age of 40. The World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts a rise in the number of patients to 160 million by 2025, largely driven by the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes. Individual differences in stress responses influence organismal resilience, which is crucial to consider when studying pathophysiology and pharmacokinetics.

Objective of the Study: To analyze individual typological characteristics of laboratory animals using the "open field" method.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 56 adult laboratory mice weighing 250–300 g using the "open field" method. The experiment aimed to identify typological traits in animals under stress conditions.

Results and Conclusions: The analysis revealed that animals with mild and moderate toxicity levels displayed distinct behavioral patterns. Most mice preferred staying on the periphery of the "open field," while a smaller proportion moved toward the center. Levels of physical activity varied among the animals. The study confirmed the influence of innate behavioral traits on stress responses: active and curious animals demonstrated greater resilience to stress exposure.

Conclusion: Examining animal behavior in response to toxic exposure provides critical insights for researchers and animal welfare specialists. Considering natural behavioral traits and activity levels helps improve the understanding of animal reactions to environmental stressors and toxins.

In this article, the description of foci of leprosy, the number of household contacts and the number of household contacts, were retrospectively analyzed in the territory of Andijan region.

 Bovenoid papulosis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus, which manifests itself as erythematous spots, papules or plaques and occurs with lesions of the skin of the genitals, perineum, perianal area or thighs. Bovenoid papulosis refers to precancerous skin conditions. Diagnosis of bovenoid papulosis is based on the clinical picture, PCR detection of human papillomavirus, negative serological reactions to syphilis, and the results of histological examination. Treatment of bovenoid papulosis consists of general antiviral therapy and removal of cutaneous elements by laser, electrocoagulation, excision or cryodestruction.

 Vaginal candidiasis is a mycosis of the vaginal mucosa that occurs when it is colonized by strains of the yeast-like Candida fungi. In the acute stage, redness, swelling and itching of the vulva are noted; soreness, burning and itching in the vagina; abundant, curd - like discharge from the genital tract; in the chronic stage, dryness and atrophy of the mucous membrane, excoriation, pronounced lichenization. The diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis is established according to the clinical picture, microscopic and cultural studies. For vaginal candidiasis, systemic and local antimycotic agents, multivitamins, and immunostimulants are prescribed.

Visceral syphilis is an inflammatory or dystrophic lesion of internal organs caused by a pale spirochete. It occurs in the form of cardiovascular syphilis (myocarditis, aortitis, vasculitis), gastrointestinal syphilis (hepatitis, gastritis, stomach ulcer, enteritis), respiratory organs (pneumonia, bronchopneumonia), kidneys (nephritis, lipoid nephrosis), endocrine system (diabetes, thyroiditis, orchitis). The diagnosis is confirmed by serological tests, ultrasound, X-ray, ECG. Treatment includes penicillin therapy, symptomatic therapy.

Secondary syphilis is the period of syphilis following the primary one, which is characterized by a disseminated rash with a large polymorphism of elements (roseoli, papules, vesicles, pustules), damage to somatic organs, the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, and generalized lymphadenitis. Diagnosis of secondary syphilis is carried out by detecting pale treponema in the discharge of skin elements, punctate lymph nodes and spinal fluid; setting serological reactions. Treatment includes penicillin therapy and symptomatic treatment of internal organ damage.

Infectious diseases remain a persistent global health challenge, largely facilitated by inadequate personal and environmental hygiene practices. Implementing proper hygiene measures—such as regular handwashing, appropriate food handling, routine cleaning of shared surfaces, and ensuring a safe water supply—can significantly curb the spread of pathogens. This article reviews the current literature on hygiene interventions, synthesizes findings from multiple studies, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and feasibility of various hygiene-related measures. The results highlight that strict adherence to hygiene protocols reduces the incidence of infections and their corresponding morbidity rates. Through this examination, we underscore the importance of hygiene literacy and the need for public health policies that integrate hygiene education and infrastructure development. By following recommended hygiene measures, individuals and communities can mitigate infectious disease risks and improve overall public health outcomes.

Visceral syphilis is an inflammatory or dystrophic lesion of internal organs caused by a pale spirochete. It occurs in the form of cardiovascular syphilis (myocarditis, aortitis, vasculitis), gastrointestinal syphilis (hepatitis, gastritis, stomach ulcer, enteritis), respiratory organs (pneumonia, bronchopneumonia), kidneys (nephritis, lipoid nephrosis), endocrine system (diabetes, thyroiditis, orchitis). The diagnosis is confirmed by serological tests, ultrasound, X-ray, ECG. Treatment includes penicillin therapy, symptomatic therapy.

Patients with long-term persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection remain to this day the center of ongoing discussions regarding the choice of further treatment tactics. One of the most common manifestations of post-coronavirus syndrome is organizing pneumonia (OP). Determining additional biological markers of the severity of lung damage in AP has diagnostic value for timely correction of therapy in order to improve the prognosis of the disease. At the present stage, biological markers of severity are widely used in clinical practice, such as C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, NTproBNP/BNP (N-terminalpro B-typenatriureticpeptide, B-typenatriureticpeptide /B-typenatriureticpeptide) and troponin. The article will present the results of our own studies of post-Covid patients with AP to determine significant markers for diagnosing the severity of the condition.

An analysis of 41 cases of acute viral encephalitis in children who underwent inpatient treatment in Andijan from 2019 to 2023 was conducted. The diagnosis of encephalitis caused by HSV type ½ was established in 17.1% of children, VZV etiology - in 41.5%, EBV - in 9.8%, CMV - 4.9%, enterovirus - in 2.4%, combined EBV and CMV etiology - in 2.4%. In 21.95% of children, the etiology of the disease was not established. In most children with viral encephalitis (90.2%), the disease is severe and requires intensive care. In children with viral encephalitis, disturbances of central and peripheral hemodynamics are mainly associated with hypovolemia, complications of the cardiovascular system, and functional changes in cerebral circulation.

The uterus, a vital organ of the female reproductive system, is situated within the pelvic cavity. Accurate knowledge of the uterine size and positioning plays a critical role in establishing precise diagnoses. Contemporary methods for obtaining biomaterial from the uterine body prioritize key factors such as the organ's dimensions, spatial orientation, and the condition of adjacent structures, whether they are full or vacant.

Over time, such Sciences as medicine have become more and more developed, something that has made it possible to significantly increase life expectancy, its quality and well-being. Thanks to this, most of the diseases that have once led to a dead state today can be successfully treated, in some cases the disease itself has also been eradicated. Nevertheless, there are different types of diseases for medicine that can cause major problems such as AIDS, cancer or diabetes.In this article we can also see our specialists who are currently struggling with such diseases.

This article is devoted to the issues of maintaining the health of the respiratory system in preschool children. The review includes the main factors affecting childrenʼs respiratory health, methods of disease prevention, and recommendations for organizing daily regimen and physical activity.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of preparation for orthopedic treatment of patients with secondary deformations of the dentition. The key stages of diagnostics, soft tissue treatment, orthodontic correction, surgical preparation and temporary prosthetics are described. The need for an interdisciplinary approach and the use of modern technologies, such as digital planning and CAD/CAM systems, is emphasized. The work focuses on the importance of an individual approach taking into account the age, health status and psychological characteristics of the patient. The data presented confirm the effectiveness of an integrated approach to achieve functional and aesthetic results.

The uterus, a vital organ of the female reproductive system, is situated within the pelvic cavity. Accurate knowledge of the uterine size and positioning plays a critical role in establishing precise diagnoses. Contemporary methods for obtaining biomaterial from the uterine body prioritize key factors such as the organ's dimensions, spatial orientation, and the condition of adjacent structures, whether they are full or vacant.

This аrticle discusses the types оf diаbetes, the impоrtаnce оf treаtment methоds, аnd their rоle. This аrticle cаn be used by heаlthcаre prоfessiоnаls, students аnd mаsters studying in this field, аs well аs independent reseаrchers.

The problem of the relationship between nephrological and urological diseases has not been sufficiently studied at present. In the clinic, there are situations when one process occurs under the guise of the other or these processes coexist, as well as when the nature of the existing symptoms remains unclear.

Relevance of the topic. The search for and study of pharmacological agents for the treatment of patients with migraine is one of the priority problems of modern medicine, since migraine is one of the most widespread and socially significant diseases. In developed countries of Europe and America, migraine affects 3 to 16% of the population, and according to some data, up to 30%. Migraine affects 18% of women, 6% of men, and 4% of children (Stewart W.F. et al., 1994; Rasmussen B.K., 1994; Vein A.M. et al., 1995; Silberstein S.D. et al., 1998; Yakhno H.H. et al., 2001; Amelin A.V. et al., 2001; Chernyak Z.V. et al., 2003). It has been shown that people of working age - 35-40 years old - suffer from migraine more often. Research in recent years has revealed a tendency towards an increase in the number of migraine patients (Stewart W.F. et al., 1994; Amelin A.V. et al., 2001; Yakhno N.N. et al., 2001; Yakhno N.N., Shtulman D.R., 2003).

General anesthesia is understood as a change in the physiological state, characterized by reversible loss of consciousness, complete analgesia, amnesia and some degree of muscle relaxation [6,15]. The introduction of anesthetics into the body is accompanied by changes in all vital organs and systems. The degree of these changes depends on many factors: chemical, pharmacodynamic properties of the anesthetic, concentration, duration of action, age of the patient, nature, severity of the disease, etc. [61]. In addition to the analgesic effect, general anesthesia has a number of side effects. The main target of anesthetics is the central nervous system.

According to the Russian Veterinary Department (V.P. Inozemtsev et al., 2000), the incidence rate on Russian farms in 1999 was high, with the percentage of cattle suffering from digestive diseases being 39.8. According to veterinary reports, 10.9-13% of calves died in the herd turnover in 1998-1999. The death rate was usually due to non-communicable diseases. Their share was 86.6% of the total number of dead livestock, and the percentage of deaths due to digestive diseases was 51.3. One of the most important areas of modern veterinary science is the development and improvement of means and methods for early diagnosis of diseases in young farm animals and, on this basis, the creation of a reliable system of protection against diseases, among which gastroenteritis is most often recorded (V.P. Shishkov, 1974, 1981, 1987; V.P. Urban et al., 1984; G.G. Shcherbakov, 1984; I.M. Karput et al., 1989; A.G. Shakhov et al., 1995, 2000; S.M. Suleimanov et al., 1998, 1999, 2000; P.A. Parshin, 1999, 2000).

Despite the progress made in the study of etiopathogenesis, new methods for diagnosing and treating endometrial hyperplasia, the problem of treating patients with this pathology still remains far from being solved. All this dictates the need to optimize the tactics of managing patients with endometrial hyperplasia in reproductive age, which should be aimed not only at creating adequate comprehensive approaches to predicting the development and recurrence of endometrial hyperplasia, but also at developing uniform protocols for managing patients with this pathology. 

Non-specific ulcerative colitis (NUC) is an inflammatory disease of the colon, characterized by ulcerative-destructive changes in its mucous membrane, chronic course and relapses. The highest incidence rates of non-specific ulcerative colitis are observed in North America, Great Britain, Europe and Australia. At the same time, the number of patients with UC in different regions of the world varies from 28 to 117 patients per 100 thousand people. Epidemiological studies in the USA have shown that UC occurs 3-5 times more often in the white population than in African Americans, and 3.5 times more often in Jews than in non-Jewish people [1, 2, 3].

Nowadays, the widespread introduction of innovative information technologies in the course of educational activities allows for the rapid collection of information, the expansion of the possibilities of multimedia educational tools, the qualitative improvement of the delivery of material and the assessment of the efficiency of its acquisition[1,2].

This article explores the pathophysiology of pneumonia and its diagnostic principles. It discusses how both external environmental factors and internal physiological processes contribute to the acceleration of aging, with premature senescence initiating once an organism's growth and development cease[1,2].   

 Cervical cancer is one of the diseases that seriously threaten women's health. In this article the cervix to the effects of chemotherapy and its clinical effectiveness simple epithelial analysis.n the article, patients diagnosed with cervical cancer were selected, and a biopsy was taken from them and a laboratory examination was conducted. patients were treated with Stipulating and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapeutic drugs by chemotherapy, then light therapy and surgery were performed. when the histological material obtained during surgery was re-examined in the laboratory, it was found that the pathomorphosis levels of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer G1, G2, G3 had changed to 1, 2, 3 levels of pathomorphosis.

 Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Experimental models are widely used to study the mechanisms of its development and to find effective treatment methods. One of the most popular and well-established models is middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. MCAO in rats allows one to reproduce the key pathophysiological changes that occur during ischemic stroke in humans. During this procedure, blood flow in the middle cerebral artery is blocked, which leads to ischemia of brain tissue and causes a cascade of pathological reactions similar to those observed in patients with stroke[1,2,3].

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious public health problem for mothers, as it is estimated that 8-22% of pregnancies worldwide suffer from preeclampsia and 800 maternal deaths are attributed to PE (1.2).

At present, cases of hearing impairment make up 12% of the world's population. It is known that these upper respiratory organs and the hearing organ play a primary protective role, performing a protective function against the external environment and adequately responding to it. These organs of the upper respiratory tract consist of strong reflex zones, which serve to maintain the normal functioning of the sense organs and maintain homeostasis in the body[1].

The publication describes the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of adhesions of the pelvic organs in women. Adhesive disease ranks 2nd in the list of common gynological diseases around the world after inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.

We live in certain social, economic, social and cultural conditions that undoubtedly influence the level and nature of morbidity. The study of the health status of the population is carried out on the basis of various criteria. Taking these criteria into account when studying population morbidity is not enough; however, they must also be used in conjunction with factors affecting the health of the population [1,2,3]. The study of these conditions and factors when analyzing the morbidity of society makes it possible for health care institutions to determine the causes of pathology and develop the most effective preventive measures for these diseases.

This article is focused on the methods of teaching anatomy, which is the foundation of medical education, and the development of pedagogical approaches in vocational training in conjunction with technological advancements. Additionally, it discusses the current issues in anatomy education and future directions, as well as the integration of modern tools into educational programs.

The article presents a review of contemporary Uzbek and international publications on coping mechanisms among individuals living with HIV. It examines coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, psychological factors contributing to effective disease management, and current experiences in preventive interventions.

 In the review of literature devoted to physiotherapy of microbial eczema, the issues of influence of various physical factors on clinical manifestations and course of this dermatosis are discussed. Information is presented on new possibilities of treatment of patients with microbial eczema using visible and infrared radiation filtered through water.

At the present stage, vocatіonal educatіon іs closely related to competencіes. One of the іmportant professіonal competencіes іs dіgіtal. Thіs іs explaіned by the fact that modern socіety processes a large flow of іnformatіon, whіch іt receіves vіa the Іnternet. Іn thіs regard, a modern specіalіst must have skіlls іn іnformatіon technology, and dіgіtal skіlls must become an іntegral part of a comprehensіve educatіon system. Іn thіs regard, іt becomes relevant to develop the dіgіtal competence of specіalіsts, takіng іnto account the development of specіfіc approaches to organіzіng and conductіng traіnіng іn order to develop thіs competence. At the present stage, dіgіtal technologіes are wіdely used іn teachіng a foreіgn language, havіng theіr own advantages. On the rіse, e-learnіng іs helpіng students develop the key competencіes needed to succeed іn the dіgіtal economy.

Objective To study the immune response of the body and evaluate the significance of serum antibody levels against antigens of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria, as well as the level of sensitization to these antigens in individuals with intestinal dysbiosis.

Currently, we see that diabetes occurs in many people. We need to further simplify the processes of treatment, prevention, disease assessment and screening of this disease. Diabetes does not develop in the absence of factors affecting the disease, but the predisposition is high. Complications of diabetes mellitus occur due to insufficiency of internal organs.  

Recently, educational materials have been collected that confirm the importance of changes in individual parts of the immune system in the pathogenesis of UC: a decrease in the total number of T-lymphocytes, their heterogeneity in subpopulations, as well as disorders of B lymphocytes and natural killers. Thus, the study of characteristics, changes in the immune system depending on the severity and the forms of the disease, the activity of the pathological process in the large intestine, the development of clinical and immunological criteria, diagnosis, prediction of the outcome and development of the disease, the current principles of immunocorrective therapy pertaining to time.

Enzymes carry out the transformation of substances that come from the external environment and are formed in the body itself. The assimilation of food substances and their subsequent use, the release of chemical energy in high-molecular compounds during the period of biological oxidation, and the formation of structural elements during the development and improvement of cells and tissues take place with the direct participation of enzymes.

The process of receiving orthodontic treatment is intricate and involves several steps, each with unique objectives and difficulties. The foundation is laid at the initial consultation, during which a thorough examination and diagnostic records are acquired in order to create a personalized treatment plan. The next step is active therapy, which involves the placement of orthodontic tools, like braces or clear aligners, to continuously and gently push the teeth. To direct tooth movement and maximize treatment results, adjustments are made on a regular basis. The refinement stage entails correcting any minor faults and fine-tuning the alignment as the teeth get closer to their intended placements. The retention phase, which usually involves the use of retainers to prevent relapse, is crucial for sustaining the effects that have been attained. Patients can collaborate and actively engage in their orthodontic experience by being aware of these stages.

   In Uzbekistan, as of 2017, about 3.5 million people were registered with a diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract. On average, its growth is observed by 2.65%. However, over 10 years, the number of patients has increased by 22.4%. This determines the need to develop comprehensive approaches to their treatment, including the use of herbal medicines that have a wide range of therapeutic and preventive effects, have low toxicity, mild action, are able to quickly eliminate exacerbation symptoms, prevent relapses and promote the restoration of impaired functions of the gastrointestinal tract . The possibility of rational combination of medicinal plants with each other and with synthetic drugs allows to expand their therapeutic capabilities and reduce the incidence of side effects of medicines . mental therapy.

Исследователи-ученые ведущих сегодня научных центров мира определили максимальные дозы радиационного воздействия на организм, вызывающие обратимые и необратимые патологические процессы в организме. сроки выброса, степень воздействия хронической радиации на организм и органы, проводятся научно-исследовательские работы по производству и использованию радиозащитных средств и получены результаты. те, кто объявил Это также вызывает сердечную недостаточность в организме в результате хронического облучения. Нарушения кровообращения наблюдаются на базе многих клинических синдромов, патогенетически тесно связанных с различными экспозиционными взаимосвязями (Г. П. Казанцева, 2018). Сердечная недостаточность – это прежде всего патологическое состояние, при котором ткани и органы не могут поддерживать нормальное кровообращение. Хроническое облучение вызывает чрезмерную сердечную недостаточность. Развитие этой сердечной недостаточности представляет собой длительное переутомление миокарда, которое обусловлено оттоком крови из сердца в крупные сосуды (переутомление) или чрезмерным увеличением притока крови к сердцу. происходит.

The prevalence of atherosclerosis among young people, preventive measures, prevention, diagnosis of atherosclerosis, symptoms of the disease, conducted research, atherosclerosis etiology, causes of the disease, and stages of development.

Autoantibodies that are not related to the organ, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), are highly prevalent in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The liver and kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1) is a serological marker of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH-2). Antibodies against liver cell cytosol, namely type 1 antibodies (LC1), are present alongside or separately from anti-LKM1, both indicating the clinical condition of AIH-2. Antibodies against the soluble liver antigen (anti-SLA) are found in type 3 AIH when anti-LC1, ANA, SMA, and anti-LKM1 are negative. However, subsequent studies have shown that this marker can also appear together with other specific antibodies for different types of AIH.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic and ongoing liver inflammatory disease characterized by increased aminotransferases and levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the presence of autoantibodies. AIH occurs in people of all ages. The prevalence of AIH varies significantly between geographic areas and ethnic groups.  Due to the lack of specific diagnostic signs in AIH patients, many patients may experience significant fibrosis or even cirrhosis when the disease is detected at an early stage.

Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown origin that induces immune reactions against its own tissues. Its main pathogenic mechanism is the loss of tolerance towards its own tissues. Some studies suggest that unknown environmental agents may trigger autoimmune processes in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to chronic inflammatory processes and exacerbating the disease.

In cardiomyocytes, ATP-dependent high-molecular HSP70 and HSP90 play an important role in protecting the myocardium from damaged proteins, which appear, in particular, as a result of increased oxidative stress. The molecular chaperone HSP60 is of particular importance for cardiomyocytes, since it is responsible for the assembly of mitochondrial matrix proteins. The features of HSP60 expression in left ventricular cardiomyocytes were studied in arterial hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and their combination. The experiment was performed on 38-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats and 38- and 57-week-old SHR rats.

The article describes changes in the amount of lipids in the liver cells of animals with toxic hepatitis caused by the drug heliorin, as well as the effect and importance of phytotea tincture on these changes.   

The article is devoted to diseases of the parotid glands, including their clinical features, diagnostic methods and approaches to treatment. The parotid glands play an important role in the process of salivation and maintaining normal function of the oral cavity. Diseases of these glands can manifest themselves in various forms, including inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic and autoimmune disorders. The article considers the main diseases, such as sialadenitis , mumps (parotitis), benign and malignant tumors, as well as Sjogren's syndrome . Particular attention is paid to diagnostic methods, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and sialography , as well as biopsies for the final diagnosis of tumors. Treatment of parotid gland diseases includes both conservative methods (antibacterial, antiviral therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs) and surgical intervention in tumors and abscesses. The prognosis depends on the timeliness of diagnosis and the type of disease, which emphasizes the importance of early medical attention. The article aims to provide a deeper understanding of the clinical aspects of parotid gland diseases and improve approaches to their diagnosis and treatment.

 This article is devoted to the analysis of age and gender characteristics in the process of early rehabilitation after ischemic stroke in the vertebral-basilar basin. The study shows the influence of age and gender on the speed and quality of a patient's recovery and sheds light on the importance of these factors in the rehabilitation process. Since young patients, especially children and adolescents, can recover faster after a stroke, brain plasticity and high flexibility of the neurological system are important factors in the rehabilitation process. For older people, on the contrary, the rehabilitation process slows down due to other health problems and low plasticity. Depending on gender, men need more physical recovery, and women need cognitive and psychological recovery. The article analyzes the effectiveness of age- and gender-appropriate rehabilitation methods based on scientific literature, and emphasizes the need for individual approaches to optimize the rehabilitation process of patients. The article highlights the importance of developing age- and gender-sensitive rehabilitation programs and serves to increase patients' chances of recovery in healthcare systems.

 Despite the more than a century-long period of study of this pathology and its high prevalence among children and adolescents, fundamental questions regarding the independence of vegetative dystonia as a nosological form remain debatable. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction can be found in almost all children, starting from the newborn period. In different age periods, as well as dependence on gender identity is manifested by varying degrees of clinical manifestations.

In the experiment, changes in laboratory and biochemical indicators in blood were studied in male and female rabbits modeled with metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis, and the effect of metformin+zinc+omega3 complex was evaluated. Metformin+zinc+omega3 drug can be recommended in practice as a means of pathogenetic treatment of metabolic syndrome and bone destructive changes.

An open cohort two-year prospective study of the dental status of young children was conducted. The initial study involved 140 children aged 26-34 months (mean age 2.5 years); after 2 years, 126 (90%) children aged 50-56 months (mean age 4.5 years) were re-examined. A dependence of the dynamics of dental caries development on the characteristics of oral hygiene care in children was revealed.

Mesial bite (progenia) in children is a complex dental pathology, in which the lower jaw is located forward relative to the upper. This condition has both genetic and acquired origin, can impair chewing, speech and breathing functions, and also significantly affect the appearance of the face. The article examines in detail the causes of mesial bite development, modern diagnostic methods and approaches to treatment. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures and stages of orthodontic intervention.

The growth of secondary immunodeficiency in the population and the increasing role of atypical pathogens against this background have set new challenges for doctors and researchers. Against this background, pneumonia becomes severe and protracted. Diagnosis of atypical pathogens such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), Legionella pneumophila is particularly difficult. Currently, there are no uniform standards for the diagnosis of these pathogens, and the available data are only advisory in nature.

Currently, tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death among infectious diseases worldwide. About 3 million people die from tuberculosis every year in the world, and in developing countries one out of every 5 deaths is associated with tuberculosis. But even in developed countries, tuberculosis has again become a serious problem in severe epidemic conditions, 50 - 52% of tuberculosis patients are detected in medical institutions of the general medical network when patients address complaints characteristic of inflammation of the bronchopulmonary system. Moreover, the majority of patients complain of an acute onset of the disease, cough with sputum, fever, weakness, and changes in the X-ray.

The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the ongoing epidemiological measures may affect the increase in the incidence of tuberculosis, which is associated with objective difficulties in detecting this infection against the background of COVID-19 and the development of complications after the disease.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, the problem of which is still relevant all over the world. The possibility of combining these infectious diseases can lead to an increase in mortality from tuberculosis against the background of an objective decrease in the number of cases, which is associated with difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis infection against the background of COVID-19.

 Progressive myodystrophies are a generalized name for hereditary diseases of the muscular system, caused by impaired contractility of muscle fibers and manifested by muscle weakness, a decrease in the range of active movements, decreased tone and atrophy. The medical and psychological significance of these diseases is due to the severity of the course and the high level of disability with a significant limitation on the life expectancy of patients.

Acute virus encephalitis characterized by weight of current, high level of  mortality and large frequency neurological complications with disabled character. In our research work surveyed 48 patients of elderly age with primary and secondary encephalitis complicated epilepsy syndrome. The presence repeated with epileptic attacks or epileptic attacks within epileptic status carrying persistent characters and which are not giving positive effect with ordinary antiepileptic drugs in elderly patients with suspicion on acute encephalitis requires searching complex clinical electrophysiological  and neurovisuological  investigation in dynamics of disease with the purpose of identification  of localization structural changes in brain and of the possibility of preventing the development of severe cerebral coma complications and mortality.

Cardiac surgery, including procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting and heart valve repair or replacement, plays a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of patients with cardiovascular disease. However, the recovery process after such operations is complex and requires a comprehensive rehabilitation program tailored to the individual needs of each patient. Effective rehabilitation after cardiac surgery is essential to optimize recovery and improve the overall health and well-being of patients. A multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals is essential to ensure that each patient receives personalized care throughout their rehabilitation journey.

 Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a congenital condition characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in one segment of the colon, leading to functional obstruction and severe constipation. Surgical intervention, usually involving resection of the aganglionic segment and anastomosis of the healthy bowel, is the mainstay of treatment for HD. Although surgery can significantly improve bowel function and quality of life, postoperative complications remain a concern. At the site of surgical reconnection, the anastomosis may leak, which requires additional intervention. Intestinal obstruction can be caused by an adhesion or stricture, which requires careful observation and treatment.

This article analyzes how the optimization of dental care in practice is not only the development of new technologies and methods of care, but also the improvement of organizational approaches, the introduction of modern materials, and ensuring the quality of care. At the same time, the search for simple and effective methods of using filling materials, which can significantly reduce the working time of the doctor and the patient, and at the same time ensure the high quality of tooth restoration, teaching them to students, and the actual problem of modern dentistry is studied. [2, p. 20]. In the teaching of preclinical restorative stomatology, odontotherapy, various teaching methods aimed at effectively understanding and achieving the goals of the didactic process are recommended.

Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi, which leads to persistent cough, sputum production, and recurrent respiratory infections. In pediatric populations, bronchiectasis can occur for a variety of reasons, including infections, congenital anomalies, and immunodeficiency. This article reviews the methods of diagnosis and surgical treatment of bronchiectasis in children, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention. Bronchiectasis in children requires prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies to prevent morbidity and improve long-term outcomes. Surgical approaches can provide significant benefit for selected patients, emphasizing the need for individualized management plans based on etiology and disease severity.

Antiphospholipid syndrome – one of topical problems of modern medicine have been studied in this article. Aetiology, clinical manifistations and methods of diagnostics of this syndrome and principles of making diagnosis have been characterised in it.

 Antiphospholipid syndrome is accompanied by several failures of the organs and systems: one of them is failure of the nervous system, namely, cerebrovascular diseases. In this work it was done a research on the failure of the nervous system against rheumatological  pathologies and symptoms og antiphospholipid syndrome. It was revealed connection of rheumatic process lenth with occurance  of the brain failure.

Cardiocerebral embolism causes the development of 30-40% of all cases of ischemic stroke. The medico-social significance of this problem is emphasized by the fact that cardioembolic stroke (CEI) is often associated with pronounced neurological disorders and significantly impairs the quality of life of patients. The risk of relapse is also quite high. Therefore, timely recognition of the cardiac cause of stroke and the determination of the optimal prevention strategy are so important.

This article explores the clinical and procedural aspects of one-stage implantation combined with sinus lifting, a common approach in dental implantology for cases of maxillary atrophy. The method's advantages, including reduced treatment time, improved patient compliance, and cost-effectiveness, are analyzed alongside its disadvantages, such as surgical complexity and potential complications.