This article examines the intersection of comparative and contrastive linguistics with medialinguistics, exploring how media discourse shapes linguistic research methodologies and cross-linguistic analysis. The findings indicate that integrating medialinguistic perspectives enriches traditional contrastive analysis by incorporating sociolinguistic, pragmatic, and discourse-analytical dimensions essential for understanding contemporary language use in media environments.

Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection remains one of the most common bacterial diseases in childhood and continues to pose a significant clinical challenge due to its diverse manifestations and potential for serious complications. This article aims to analyze the clinical course of Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections in children, with particular attention to age-related features, severity of symptoms, and the development of early and late complications. Special emphasis is placed on the diagnostic difficulties associated with atypical presentations and the role of timely antimicrobial therapy in preventing post-streptococcal sequelae. The findings highlight the importance of early recognition, appropriate laboratory confirmation, and rational treatment strategies to reduce morbidity and long-term outcomes in pediatric patients.

English: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Lymphogenic tuberculosis (tuberculous lymphadenitis) is the most common form of extrapulmonary TB in this cohort. Diagnosis is often delayed due to atypical clinical presentations and low sensitivity of conventional smear microscopy. This study evaluates the diagnostic utility of modern imaging (Ultrasound, CT) combined with molecular assays (GeneXpert) and histopathology for early detection. Methods: A prospective diagnostic study involving 120 HIV-positive patients presenting with lymphadenopathy was conducted at the Andijan Regional Center of Phthisiology. Patients underwent a stepwise diagnostic algorithm: High-resolution Ultrasound (US), Computed Tomography (CT), and Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). Aspirates were tested using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Excisional biopsy was performed in inconclusive cases. Results: Ultrasound features such as hypoechoic texture, matting, and intranodal necrosis had a sensitivity of 78% for TB lymphadenitis. CT was superior for detecting deep mediastinal and abdominal lymphadenopathy. GeneXpert MTB/RIF on lymph node aspirates demonstrated a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 96%, significantly outperforming smear microscopy (25%). Histological analysis confirmed diagnosis in seronegative cases, revealing characteristic caseating granulomas, though granuloma formation was poor in severely immunocompromised patients (CD4 <200). Conclusion: A multimodal approach integrating US-guided aspiration with molecular PCR testing (GeneXpert) allows for rapid and accurate early diagnosis of lymphogenic TB in HIV patients, facilitating timely initiation of ART and anti-TB therapy.

The article examines the role of metallic dust as a significant occupational risk factor in the development of inflammatory gingival diseases among workers of metal-processing industrial enterprises. The mechanisms of metal aerosol exposure on periodontal tissues, clinical features of gingivitis and periodontitis, and key dental health indicators in this occupational group are analyzed. The findings indicate a high prevalence of inflammatory gingival diseases and emphasize the necessity of comprehensive preventive strategies aimed at reducing occupational exposure and improving oral health among industrial workers.

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Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA), commonly referred to as hip replacement surgery, represents a pivotal surgical intervention for managing end-stage hip conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, and post-traumatic joint degeneration. With global procedure volumes exceeding 1 million annually and projected to rise to over 2.5 million by 2030 in the United States alone due to demographic shifts including aging populations and increasing prevalence of obesity, the emphasis on effective postoperative rehabilitation has never been more critical. Rehabilitation protocols are essential for optimizing functional recovery, mitigating complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), prosthetic dislocations, infections, and muscle atrophy, while enhancing overall patient quality of life (QoL) and facilitating a swift return to activities of daily living (ADLs). This expanded systematic review synthesizes high-quality evidence from 50 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, retrospective analyses, and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2025, encompassing over 10,000 patients undergoing elective, unilateral THA. We rigorously evaluated a broad spectrum of rehabilitation modalities, including conventional inpatient physical therapy (PT), accelerated early mobilization protocols, home-based self-directed exercises, supervised outpatient programs, aquatic hydrotherapy, resistance-based functional strength training, virtual reality (VR)-enhanced interventions, and tele-rehabilitation platforms leveraging digital tools like mobile apps, wearable sensors, and video conferencing. Primary outcomes assessed encompassed pain intensity via the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), functional mobility using validated instruments such as the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), alongside secondary metrics like recovery duration, hospital length of stay (LOS), patient satisfaction scores (e.g., Net Promoter Score - NPS), complication rates (e.g., dislocations <3%, infections <2%), cost-effectiveness ratios, and long-term QoL via the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. Meta-analytic findings demonstrate that accelerated PT and tele-rehabilitation significantly outperform standard protocols in short-term outcomes, yielding mean differences of -2.5 points in VAS pain scores (95% CI: -3.2 to -1.8, p<0.001, I²=38%), +15.4 points in HHS at 3 months (95% CI: 12.1-18.7, p<0.001, I²=45%), and reductions in LOS by 1.5-3 days (p<0.01). Aquatic therapy proved particularly beneficial for obese patients (BMI >30 kg/m²), improving joint range of motion (ROM) by 20-30% without exacerbating pain. VR and digital interventions showed promise in enhancing adherence rates (up to 85% vs. 60% in traditional methods) and reducing dropout risks. However, long-term efficacy beyond 12-24 months remains inconsistent, with no significant differences in implant survivorship or revision rates (hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95-1.09). Adverse events were rare (<4% overall), primarily minor such as transient pain flares or mild skin irritations from wearables. This review highlights the paradigm shift towards patient-centered, technology-integrated rehabilitation, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic's emphasis on remote care, while addressing gaps in equity for underserved populations (e.g., rural or low-socioeconomic groups). Limitations include methodological heterogeneity (e.g., varying intervention durations from 4-12 weeks), potential publication bias (Egger's test p=0.04), and underrepresentation of diverse ethnicities and comorbidities. Future directions advocate for large-scale, multicenter RCTs incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) for personalized rehab algorithms, cost-benefit analyses in low-resource settings, and longitudinal studies on sustainability. Ultimately, this synthesis provides robust, evidence-based guidance for clinicians to tailor rehabilitation, potentially reducing healthcare burdens by 20-30% through optimized recovery pathways.

The process of digital transformation is driving the rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into healthcare. Modern healthcare systems are characterized by large volumes of complex clinical data, the need for rapid diagnostics, and personalized treatment. Therefore, AI algorithms are recognized as an essential tool to support medical decision-making.
The aim of this article is to highlight the scientific and practical opportunities of artificial intelligence in healthcare and to analyze the main challenges arising from its implementation based on international experiences.

This article analyzes the morphofunctional adaptation mechanisms of the liver under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia leads to significant disturbances in cellular metabolism and energy production, particularly affecting organs with high metabolic activity such as the liver. The study focuses on structural changes in hepatic tissue, metabolic reprogramming of hepatocytes, mitochondrial functional modulation, and activation of hypoxia-responsive regulatory pathways. Special attention is given to the balance between adaptive and pathological processes during oxygen deficiency. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving the diagnosis and management of hypoxia-associated liver dysfunction.

Gastritis remains one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions of the stomach worldwide, with significant clinical and socioeconomic consequences. Modern preventive strategies increasingly emphasize the importance of morphofunctional alterations of the gastric mucosa, including structural changes, secretory dysfunction, and molecular markers of inflammation and atrophy. The present study provides a narrative analytical review of peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed and Scopus databases, focusing on the role of morphofunctional features in the prevention of gastritis. The analysis highlights key morphological indicators such as inflammatory cell infiltration, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia, as well as functional parameters including gastric acid secretion, pepsinogen levels, and gastrin regulation. Particular attention is paid to Helicobacter pylori–associated gastritis and the preventive impact of early eradication on mucosal recovery. The findings demonstrate that integrating morphologic assessment with functional biomarkers enables more effective risk stratification and targeted prevention. This review supports the implementation of combined morphofunctional approaches as a cornerstone of evidence-based gastritis prevention.

Oligohydramnios is a clinically significant obstetric condition associated with increased risks during labor and delivery. Reduced amniotic fluid volume disrupts normal biomechanical and physiological processes necessary for effective labor progression. This narrative analytical review examines evidence from PubMed and Scopus–indexed studies regarding the relationship between oligohydramnios, prolonged labor, and associated maternal and neonatal complications. The analysis highlights pathophysiological mechanisms linking low amniotic fluid volume with dysfunctional uterine contractions, delayed cervical dilation, increased fetal distress, and higher operative delivery rates. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for optimizing labor management and improving perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios.

The article presents expanded results of a clinical and laboratory study of homocysteine levels in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis who have had COVID-19. A detailed analysis of age-related and clinical features, statistical assessment of the obtained data, and pathogenetic justification for a comprehensive approach to treatment were conducted.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a non-specific syndrome that develops in hereditary, congenital, and acquired kidney diseases due to the progressive death of nephrons and stroma with a steady decrease in the ability of the kidneys to perform homeostatic functions. More than 50 diseases are known, that end with CRF with different frequencies and speeds (14). The true social significance of diseases for society is currently underestimated. Meanwhile, erased and latent forms of nephropathies are increasingly common in childhood, diagnosed late and early leading to the formation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CRF (15,13). The origins of CKD in the adult population often also go back to childhood.

This scientific article examines the clinical, immunological, and anthropological characteristics of pneumonia in children with chronic diseases, including bronchial asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic anemia. The study was conducted during 2024–2025 in the pediatric demonology and cardiology departments of Samarkand State Medical University and was based on clinical observation and analysis of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of pneumonia. A total of 72 pediatric patients diagnosed with pneumonia were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups according to their underlying chronic conditions: bronchial asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic anemia.

In each group, the severity of pneumonia, the dynamics of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and nonreciprocal), oxygenation parameters, and the microbiological spectrum were compared. Evaluation of treatment effectiveness demonstrated the importance of an individualized therapeutic approach. In particular, optimization of inhalation therapy in the asthma group and adjustment of diuretic, anticoagulant, and metabolic support protocols in patients with underlying cardiovascular pathology resulted in improved clinical outcomes. These findings serve as a scientific basis for the management of co-morbid pneumonia in pediatric and pulmonology practice.

The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical and endoscopic features of chronic gastritis in children.A total number of 84 children aged 7 to 16 years were examined. It was established that the clinical picture is characterized by pain, dyspeptic symptoms, and astheno-neurotic syndromes,the severity of which correlated with the morphological activity of the inflammatory process and the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Endoscopically, superficial and focal forms of gastritis predominated; morphological examination revealed mucosal infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as epithelial dystrophic changes.

Allergic diseases in children, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, are increasingly prevalent worldwide and pose significant challenges to pediatric healthcare. Effective management requires modern pharmacological strategies, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, biologics, and allergen immunotherapy. This article reviews current approaches to pediatric allergy treatment, emphasizing individualized therapy, early intervention, and patient-centered care. The integration of evidence-based pharmacological interventions with education and trigger avoidance improves disease control, prevents complications, and enhances children’s quality of life.

Biological signals are essential tools in modern medical diagnostics, as they provide objective and real-time information about the functional state of the human body. These signals include electrical, physiological, and biochemical signals generated by organs and biological systems. By analyzing biological signals, healthcare professionals can detect diseases at early stages, monitor patient conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatments. This article discusses the diagnostic importance of biological signals, their main types, current challenges related to signal quality and interpretation, and possible solutions to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, characterized by the appearance of aphthous lesions, a long course with periodic relapses and is often accompanied by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic cholecystitis is an inflammatory disease of the gallbladder wall. It develops due to the formation of stones in the gallbladder, which leads to stagnation of bile. Periodically arising and passing inflammations lead to changes in the wall of the gallbladder with the development of chronic calculous cholecystitis in it. Along with the general clinical signs of chronic calculous cholecystitis, changes in the oral mucosa develop.

This scientific article describes the types of blood-borne diseases, transmission mechanisms and methods of protecting nurses working in medical institutions from these diseases. Occupational risk factors, preventive measures and occupational safety issues were also analyzed.

A comprehensive approach to the treatment of pneumonia can yield better outcomes if all the capabilities of therapeutic physical training and physiotherapy, whose effectiveness has been proven over many years, are fully utilized. The use of physical rehabilitation methods in pneumonia, particularly respiratory rehabilitation, increases tolerance to physical exertion and allows improvement in oxygen consumption and endurance in patients compared with baseline levels. In addition, it reduces the frequency and duration of hospitalization and significantly enhances the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy.At the first and second stages of care for patients with pneumonia of various etiologies, therapeutic physical exercises that improve the drainage function of the bronchi and stimulate secretion clearance are recommended. The use of physiotherapeutic treatment methods with bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, and resorptive effects significantly increases the effectiveness of comprehensive therapeutic interventions.

This article examines the efficiency of modern automated laboratory systems in clinical diagnostics. The study analyzes how automation improves diagnostic accuracy, reduces human error, increases throughput, and optimizes laboratory workflow. The clinical significance of these systems is highlighted, emphasizing their role in early disease detection, personalized medicine, and evidence-based decision-making. Challenges such as high initial costs, maintenance requirements, and staff training are discussed, along with strategies for system optimization. The findings demonstrate that automated laboratory technologies significantly enhance diagnostic performance and contribute to improved patient care.

The formation and maturation of female gametes, or oogenesis, is a fundamental biological process essential for human reproduction and genetic stability. This process begins during embryonic development, when primordial germ cells migrate to the developing ovaries and differentiate into oogonia. Oogonia undergo mitotic divisions, enter meiosis, and arrest at prophase I until puberty. Follicular growth, nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and hormonal regulation are critical for producing competent oocytes capable of fertilization. Genetic, molecular, and environmental factors influence oocyte quality and reproductive outcomes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for fertility preservation, assisted reproductive technologies, and the prevention of reproductive disorders. Recent advances in molecular biology and reproductive medicine provide insights into improving oocyte competence and clinical interventions.

Muscle tissue is a specialized biological tissue characterized by its ability to contract and generate force, playing a fundamental role in movement, posture maintenance, circulation, and visceral functions in the human body. From the perspective of histology, cytology, and embryology, muscle tissue represents a complex system of differentiated cells with distinct structural, functional, and developmental characteristics. This article provides a comprehensive scientific overview of muscle tissue, focusing on its classification, cellular organization, ultrastructural features, mechanisms of contraction, embryonic origin, and functional significance. The study is based on established morphological, cytological, and developmental data derived from classical and modern scientific literature. Emphasis is placed on skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues, highlighting their unique histological features and physiological roles. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of muscle tissue as an essential component of human anatomy and physiology.

This scientific article analyzes the issues of assessing the level of glycemic compensation in patients with type 2 diabetes. The main objective of the study is to determine the level of diabetes control based on fasting and postprandial glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. During the study, the results of clinical and laboratory examinations were analyzed and the main factors affecting glycemic compensation were identified. The results showed that a significant proportion of patients have insufficient glycemic control, which is associated with the duration of the disease, overweight, insulin resistance, and non-adherence to medication. It was also found that rational nutrition and physical activity are important in improving glycemic compensation. The results obtained indicate the need to improve the treatment strategy based on an individual approach in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Malocclusion is a widespread dental issue among adolescents that can affect oral health, function, and aesthetics. During adolescence, the dentofacial system undergoes significant growth and development, making it particularly sensitive to genetic, environmental, and behavioral influences. This study investigates the prevalence of malocclusion in adolescent populations and identifies the main contributing factors, including hereditary predisposition, oral habits such as thumb sucking, premature loss of primary teeth, and functional disturbances like mouth breathing. Early identification of these factors is crucial for planning preventive measures and timely orthodontic treatment, which can improve both oral health outcomes and quality of life.

Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, characterized by the appearance of aphthous lesions, a long course with periodic relapses and is often accompanied by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic cholecystitis is an inflammatory disease of the gallbladder wall. It develops due to the formation of stones in the gallbladder, which leads to stagnation of bile. Periodically arising and passing inflammations lead to changes in the wall of the gallbladder with the development of chronic calculous cholecystitis in it. Along with the general clinical signs of chronic calculous cholecystitis, changes in the oral mucosa develop.

In most cases of chronic calculous cholecystitis on the oral mucosa, patients feel discomfort caused by swelling, the appearance of aphthae, erosions, ulcers and other changes. In chronic cholecystitis, we observed patients with chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis, which occurred equally often in both women and men. Diagnosis of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis is often limited only to objective data on the clinical manifestations of the disease on the oral mucosa. Biopsy of aphthae on the oral mucosa is usually not performed. The prevalence of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis in chronic cholecystitis is very variable, ranging from 5 to 60% and depends on the population studied, environmental factors and diagnostic criteria. A number of authors believe that the results of treatment of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis against the background of digestive diseases are not always satisfactory due to frequent relapses.

The purpose of the study: justification of pathomorphological studies for the diagnosis of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis in chronic calculous cholecystitis.

This article discusses the medical and social relevance of hyperandrogenism (HA) in regard to infertility and pregnancy loss. Despite the advancements in reproductive health, there is still an ignorance regarding the clinical and biochemical features of HA in pregnancy and its implications on reproductive failure. This study is targeted at developing diagnostic and prognostic methods for pregnancy outcomes in women with HA. Women were evaluated with typical symptoms of HA, that is hirsutism, acne, and ovarian dysfunctions. Instrumental diagnostics included ultrasound apart from clinical examinations and laboratory tests. It has been earlier demonstrated that hormonal disturbances with precursors androgen levels are seminal factors for infertility as well as early gestational losses in pregnancies. Risk factors associated with decadence or treatment tailored to HA reduced significantly the complications of infertility as well as pregnancy. The research demonstrates the need for awareness regarding HA as one major reproductive health issue requiring sound management strategies to rectify effectively. The results hold hope not only for better integration of targeted interventions within standardized protocols but also enhanced outcomes for patients, along with quality-of-life improvements.

Infertility is one of the pressing problems of the 21st century, affecting more than 15% of couples of reproductive age. Endometrioid ovarian cysts (EOCs) are a common manifestation of endometriosis and one of the main causes of infertility. EOCs not only impair ovarian function but also create a general inflammatory background, hindering the onset of pregnancy. This article provides information on modern aspects of infertility associated with EOCs, new methods of diagnosis and treatment, as well as innovative approaches aimed at increasing the chance of pregnancy.

Chronic heart failure is a major cardiovascular syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function, high morbidity, and elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure, contributing to impaired vascular tone, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and prothrombotic states. These alterations exacerbate disease progression, increase cardiac workload, and elevate the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, thromboembolic complications, and sudden cardiac death. Early identification and management of endothelial dysfunction can improve vascular health, reduce cardiovascular risk, and enhance prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. This review highlights the mechanisms, clinical implications, assessment methods, and therapeutic strategies targeting endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure.

The expansion of digital healthcare systems has increased the efficiency of medical services while simultaneously creating significant cybersecurity challenges. The use of electronic health records, telemedicine, cloud platforms, and connected medical devices exposes healthcare infrastructures to cyber threats such as data breaches and unauthorized access. This annotation highlights the importance of protecting sensitive medical data and ensuring system reliability through effective cybersecurity measures. Strengthening cybersecurity frameworks is essential for maintaining patient safety, privacy, and trust in digital healthcare systems.

This study investigates the use of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in medical training. VR provides fully immersive simulations for practicing clinical skills, surgical procedures, and patient interactions in a risk-free environment, enhancing procedural memory and decision-making. AR overlays digital information onto real-world settings, supporting guided procedures, anatomy visualization, and real-time feedback. Evidence indicates that these technologies improve learning outcomes, engagement, and retention compared to traditional methods. While challenges such as cost, technical limitations, and instructor training exist, VR and AR offer transformative potential in medical education, enabling safer, more effective, and interactive skill acquisition for students and professionals.

This study examines the use of machine learning (ML) models for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment, yet traditional methods may be limited in speed and accuracy. ML algorithms, including logistic regression, support vector machines, and neural networks, analyze patient data such as medical history, lab results, and imaging to identify risk patterns. These models enable personalized risk assessment, improve clinical decision-making, and support timely intervention. The study also addresses challenges such as data privacy, model interpretability, and integration into healthcare systems. Overall, ML provides a promising approach to enhance early detection and management of cardiovascular diseases.

Dental arch defects represent one of the most complex interdisciplinary problems in modern restorative and rehabilitative dentistry due to their significant impact on orofacial esthetics, masticatory function, and psychosocial well-being. Esthetic disturbances associated with missing teeth are not limited to visible dental asymmetry but extend to alveolar bone resorption, soft tissue collapse, facial disharmony, and occlusal instability. The present theoretical and analytical review aims to systematize current scientific knowledge regarding the diagnosis of esthetic disorders in patients with dental arch defects and to substantiate the principles of comprehensive rehabilitation based on anatomical, histological, biomechanical, and statistical data. Particular attention is given to trauma-related tooth loss as a globally relevant etiological factor, supported by epidemiological trends reported in contemporary scientific literature. Diagnostic criteria are analyzed from the perspective of facial proportions, smile analysis, periodontal biotype, and alveolar ridge morphology. Rehabilitation strategies are discussed as a complex, staged process integrating prosthetic, orthodontic, and functional concepts. This review highlights the necessity of evidence-based diagnostic frameworks to optimize esthetic outcomes and long-term stability in dental rehabilitation.

Soft tissue liposarcomas (LPS) represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies derived from adipocytic tissue, accounting for approximately 20% of all adult soft tissue sarcomas. Their management has evolved significantly from a uniform, surgery-centric model to a complex, multidisciplinary, and histology-driven paradigm. This review outlines the contemporary therapeutic landscape, emphasizing the critical role of precise histopathological and molecular subtyping in guiding treatment decisions. We discuss the ongoing refinement of surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques, the subtype-specific efficacy of systemic therapies (including traditional chemotherapy, targeted agents like trabectedin and CDK4 inhibitors, and immunotherapy), and the integration of these modalities in both localized and advanced disease settings. The future direction lies in deepening molecular stratification, developing novel targeted therapies, and personalizing treatment algorithms through robust clinical trials and biomarker research. This article synthesizes current evidence to provide a framework for the modern, precision-based approach to liposarcoma care.

Anxiety and depression are important concomitant diseases in asthma. We assessed the incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with asthma using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the European Five-dimensional Quality of Life Questionnaire (EQ-5D).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with asthma, assessed using the HADS and EQ-5D questionnaires; the level of relationship between the two questionnaires and the factors associated with the presence of these symptoms.

Materials and methods of the study: A total of 161 adolescents and adults with persistent asthma (32.6±16.9 years old, 64.7% women) from primary care centers and allergological, pulmonological and pediatric clinics were recruited. Demographic and clinical characteristics, HADS, and EQ-5D were collected. A score of ≥8 on the hospital Anxiety and depression scale - anxiety/hospital anxiety and depression scale - depression or a positive response to item 5 of the EQ-5D indicated the presence of these symptoms.

Results: According to HADS, 36% of participants had symptoms of anxiety and 12% had symptoms of depression. According to the EQ-5D, 36% of the participants had symptoms of anxiety/depression. The consistency between the questionnaires in detecting anxiety/depression was moderate (k=0.55, 95%). Late diagnosis of asthma, comorbidities, and female gender were predictors of anxiety/depression, while better asthma control, health-related quality of life, and health perception were associated with lower odds of anxiety/depression.

Conclusions: At least 1/3 of patients with persistent asthma experience symptoms of anxiety/depression, which shows the relevance of screening for these disorders in patients with asthma. The EQ-5D and HADS questionnaires showed moderate agreement in identifying symptoms of anxiety/depression. The identified concomitant factors require further study in long-term studies.

Pregnant and postpartum women are at high risk of depression due to hormonal and biological changes. Prenatal depression has not been studied well enough compared to postpartum depression, and its predictors remain highly controversial. Goal. To assess the prevalence of symptoms of depression during pregnancy and to study factors associated with this condition, including vitamin D, folic acid and vitamin B12. Methods. Data collection was conducted as part of a study in which pregnant women were recruited in the second and third trimester during visits to the antenatal clinic. Data on prenatal depression were collected using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), with score ≥ 13 considered an indicator of depression. Results. Of the 108 participants in the Kuwait Birth Cohort study, 102 (96.6%) completed EPDS. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 21.03% (95%CI:18.62–23.59%) and 17.85% (95%CI:15.60–20.28%), as indicated by EPDS ≥ 13 and EPDS ≥ 14, respectively. Conclusion. Approximately one fifth of pregnant women had symptoms of depression, indicating the need to introduce a screening program for depression in pregnant women. In particular, screening efforts should focus on pregnant women with unintended pregnancies, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and recent stressful life events.

To check whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with the onset of symptoms of maternal depression within three months after giving birth.

Methods. This study involved 86 women who were divided into three groups: did not take folic acid supplements during pregnancy; took them only during one trimester of pregnancy; and took them during two or three trimesters. Symptoms of depression were assessed three months after delivery using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at cut-off points ≥ 10 (mild symptoms) and ≥ 13 (moderate to severe intensity). Results. The overall prevalence of mild symptoms was 20.2% (95%CI 19.0–21.5), and moderate and severe — 11% (95%CI 10.0–12.0). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 10 was 26.8% (95%CI 24.0–29.5) among women who did not take folic acid and 18.1% among both those who took it during one trimester of pregnancy (95% CI 16.1–20.1) and those who took it for two or three months. trimesters (95% CI 16.0–20.2). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 13 was 15.7% (95%CI 13.5–17.9) in those who did not take folic acid, 9.1% (95%CI 7.5–10.6) in those who took it during one trimester, and 9.4% (95%CI 7.8–11.0) in those who I took it for two or three trimesters. In the adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between folic acid intake during pregnancy and the onset of symptoms of depression three months after delivery. Conclusion. There was no association between folic acid intake during pregnancy and postpartum depression for three months.

The psychopathological aspect of bronchial asthma is not limited to an anxiety response. There are also episodes of acute fear at the first developed asthmoid attacks; a combination of both often takes the form of so-called panic disorder with anxious anticipation of seizures. In the development of "panic attacks" in patients with bronchial asthma, the predominant distinguishing feature may be the difficulty of exhalation in a true bronchial asthma, while in functional anxiety-autonomic attacks the inhalation is usually difficult. As they are repeated, the alarming oscillations gradually transform into a persistent subdepressive (destic) state. The literature reports a significant link between various mental disorders and asthma, in particular depression and/or anxiety, with some more reliable data regarding anxiety disorders. However, the nature of this relationship remains largely unclear. Somatogenic asthma with increased exhaustion under normal loads and weakness after another asthmoid attack is increasingly noticeable. Dramatic awareness of the fact of severe somatic disease and its associated limitations modifies the content of affective disorders: anxiety becomes less acute, but along with it or in its place there are elements of melancholy depression with experiences of the impossibility of treatment, «attachment to therapy". The increasing somatogenic asthenia brings a feeling of severe physical ailment, similar to the vitalization of melancholia.

Purpose of the study: To test the hypothesis of a specific relationship between anxiety and depression and bronchial asthma, and to test the hypothesis of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy as an additional means of treating bronchial asthma.

Materials and methods: 96 adults were surveyed by means of the main socio-demographic variables (i.e. sex, age, marital status, cohabitation/separate residence and BMI). Subjects with asthma were classified according to GINA and ACT. All subjects underwent structured clinical interviews for the diagnosis of ICD 10.

Results: There was a significant association between asthma and anxiety disorders throughout life (OR 3.03; p = 0.003); no significant association with other psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, life-long anxiety and current anxiety were associated with levels of asthma severity (p < 0.01 and p = 0.001 depending on age). Asthma predates anxiety in 48% of cases; 52% of cases have anxiety predates asthma, with no significant differences between groups. The risk of asthma, especially severe, uncontrolled form (p < 0.01), was higher in patients with anxiety disorder throughout life (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001 depending on age of onset). Current anxiety increased the risk of asthma and uncontrolled form (p < 0.05). Asthma increased the risk of anxiety disorders throughout life (p = 0.002 and p = 0.018 with age). Intermittent asthma increased the risk of life-long anxiety disorders and ongoing anxiety disorders (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Anxiety disorders, in particular life-long anxiety disorders, are the only mental disorder that is reliably associated with asthma, with a possible two-way link between anxiety and asthma, each of which may be caused by or result from the other.

The phenomena of light interference and diffraction are fundamental concepts in wave optics and play a crucial role in understanding the wave nature of light. This article examines the physical principles underlying interference and diffraction and highlights their importance in modern scientific and technological applications. Using a qualitative analytical approach, the study reviews theoretical models and experimental observations related to the superposition and spreading of light waves. The results demonstrate that interference and diffraction effects are essential for the development of optical instruments, including interferometers, diffraction gratings, microscopes, and spectroscopic systems. Furthermore, these phenomena provide the basis for high-precision measurements of wavelength, distance, and refractive index. The study also discusses practical challenges and limitations associated with diffraction, particularly in optical resolution. The findings confirm that light interference and diffraction remain central to advances in optics, photonics, and modern technology.

In the context of modern educational reforms and digital transformation, the preparation of future primary school teachers requires innovative pedagogical approaches that combine traditional and digital learning methods. One of the most effective approaches is blended learning technology, which integrates face-to-face instruction with online learning components. This article examines the methodology of using blended learning technology in organizing seminar classes of professional subjects in the training of future primary school teachers. The study analyzes the pedagogical potential of blended learning, its structural components, instructional models, and methodological principles.

Pediatric rhinosinusitis is a prevalent upper respiratory disorder marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. Its pathogenesis involves viral and bacterial infections, allergic reactions, anatomical factors, and biochemical inflammatory mechanisms. Key mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and microbial biofilms, sustain inflammation and contribute to chronicity and complications. Current diagnostic strategies combine clinical assessment, imaging, and biochemical marker analysis, facilitating evaluation of disease severity and risk of chronic progression. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy, antioxidant support, allergy control, and surgical intervention when needed. Incorporating clinical and biochemical insights enables personalized treatment, optimizing outcomes and reducing relapses and complications.

The pathomorphological structure of polyp tissues was analyzed in 90 patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. The study focused on determining the structure of the integumental epithelium and membrane, cellular composition, polyp and glandular stroma composition, activation, and infiltration.  In 26 (28.9%) patients, respiratory epithelium was most frequently identified as the main component of the polyp tissue. Goblet cell hyperplasia and desquamation were observed. In most cases, 60 (66.7%) polyp tissues showed multiple glands. The structural analysis of the obtained micropreparations revealed "young" forms of polyps in 68 (75.6%) patients, while the fibro-inflammatory type was observed in 23 (25.5%) cases. Important indicators of polyp recurrence were identified: significant thickening of the basal layer and membranes, activated eosinophilia, signs of integumental epithelium proliferation, increased sclerosis, and low stromal infiltration.

Art therapy is a dynamic and evolving field that integrates creative expression with psychological healing, offering diverse approaches to address mental health and emotional well-being. This article examines the significance of emerging directions and networks within art therapy, highlighting their roles in enhancing therapeutic outcomes and expanding accessibility. By exploring innovative practices such as digital art therapy, trauma-informed approaches, and community-based interventions, the article underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary and networked framework in fostering collaboration between therapists, clients, and institutions. These networks not only provide a support system for practitioners but also facilitate the sharing of resources, research, and best practices, driving the evolution of the field. Through a review of current literature and case studies, this paper demonstrates how art therapy’s growth in specialized areas can lead to more targeted and effective therapeutic interventions, while also promoting a more inclusive and connected global art therapy community.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to affect the cardiovascular system and may influence fetal development during pregnancy. However, data regarding its impact on fetal cardiac function remain limited.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic significance of fetal echocardiography in assessing cardiac functional changes in fetuses of pregnant women who experienced COVID-19 infection during the second and third trimesters.

Materials and Methods: A total of 124 pregnant women with a confirmed history of COVID-19 infection during the second and third trimesters were included in the study. All participants were receiving care at the Khorezm Regional Perinatal Center. Fetal echocardiography was performed four weeks after clinical recovery. Assessment of fetal cardiac function included evaluation of diastolic and systolic parameters using mitral and tricuspid E/A ratios, myocardial performance index (MPI), and cardiac chamber dimensions. The control group consisted of gestational age–matched healthy pregnant women without a history of COVID-19 infection. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate parametric tests, with results expressed as p-values and effect sizes calculated using Cohen’s d.

Results: Fetuses of mothers with prior COVID-19 infection demonstrated a significant decrease in mitral valve E/A ratio, indicating impaired diastolic relaxation (p < 0.05). An increase in MPI suggested subclinical global myocardial dysfunction. These changes were more pronounced in the third trimester compared to the second trimester.

Conclusion: Fetal echocardiography is a highly informative and non-invasive method for early detection of functional cardiac alterations in fetuses of pregnant women after COVID-19 infection. Its routine use may improve prenatal monitoring and pregnancy management in this population.

To analyze available literature regarding the course of UCTD during pregnancy, maternal and fetal outcomes, and therapeutic approaches.

Background: The prognosis of chronic somatic diseases in children is determined not only by biological factors but also by the psychosocial environment. Chronic psychosocial stress (family conflict, academic pressure, social isolation) is known to dysregulate the immune system via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Conversely, strong social integration is hypothesized to have a "buffering effect." This study aims to quantify the impact of psychosocial stress and social integration on the clinical course and prognosis of children with Bronchial Asthma (BA) and Recurrent Respiratory Infections (RRI). Methods: A prospective cohort study involving 250 children (aged 7–14 years) with diagnosed BA or RRI was conducted in the Andijan region. Psychosocial status was assessed using the "Perceived Stress Scale for Children" (PSS-C) and "Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale" (CASSS). Clinical prognosis was measured by the frequency of exacerbations, duration of remission, and hospitalization rates over a 12-month follow-up period. Results: Children with high psychosocial stress levels experienced a 2.5-fold increase in disease exacerbations compared to the low-stress group (p < 0.001). Low social integration scores significantly correlated with prolonged recovery times and resistance to standard therapy. High levels of family and peer support were associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of severe complications. Conclusion: Psychosocial stress is a potent non-infectious risk factor that worsens the prognosis of pediatric diseases. Enhancing social integration and reducing environmental stressors are essential components of comprehensive pediatric care.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, with a shifting burden towards the geriatric population. In developing regions like the Fergana Valley, data on "geriatric tuberculosis" is outdated, and the specific epidemiological and clinical features in the elderly (aged 60+) are poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trends, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in the elderly population of the Andijan region. Methods: A retrospective and prospective epidemiological study covering the period 2020–2024 was conducted at the Andijan Regional Center of Phthisiology and Pulmonology. The study population included male and female patients aged 60–74 years diagnosed with TB. Clinical records were analyzed for comorbidities, atypical symptoms, and risk factors using WHO criteria. Diagnostic methods included GeneXpert MTB/RIF, radiography, and biochemical assays. Results: Preliminary analysis indicates a rising trend in extrapulmonary TB forms among the elderly compared to younger cohorts. Atypical clinical presentations, such as the absence of fever and dominance of weight loss/fatigue, significantly delay diagnosis. Major risk factors identified include multimorbidity (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes) and polypharmacy. The mortality rate in this demographic remains disproportionately high due to late detection and "immunosenescence." Conclusion: Geriatric tuberculosis in the Fergana Valley is characterized by specific regional risk factors and atypical clinical courses. Implementing a targeted screening algorithm for the elderly and integrating TB prevention into geriatric care is essential to reduce mortality and transmission.

Intelligent control systems are revolutionizing railway operations by improving safety, punctuality, and energy efficiency. This paper discusses smart signaling technologies, predictive maintenance algorithms, and automation in modern railway networks.

The current topic of "combined immunodeficiency syndrome" аnd its prevаlence in our Republic or throughout the world, аs well аs methods for its eliminаtion аnd the problems encountered in this regаrd, the sources of the diseаse's occurrence аnd development, the hаrmful effects on the immune system in the humаn body, clinicаl symptoms, аnd the history of its origin were studied аnd discussed. Informаtion is provided on modern treаtment methods for аIDS, including the effectiveness of аntiretrovirаl therаpy аnd its forms. In аddition, the impаct of this syndrome on humаn life, socio-psychologicаl problems, migrаtion processes, life аctivities аnd the heаlth cаre system were thoroughly аnаlyzed. Bаsed on the informаtion obtаined, solutions аnd conclusions were presented.

Ischemic stroke represents a leading cause of disability and long-term neurological deficits worldwide. Timely and structured rehabilitation is essential for improving functional outcomes, minimizing complications, and enhancing quality of life. Early rehabilitation, initiated within days of stroke onset, leverages neuroplasticity, promotes motor recovery, and prevents secondary complications. This article reviews current evidence regarding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, the mechanisms through which early rehabilitation enhances recovery, and practical approaches to implementing rehabilitation in clinical settings. Emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary strategies, individualized treatment plans, and patient-centered care. Early intervention is pivotal for optimizing neurological and functional recovery, reducing hospital stay, and improving long-term independence.

As a result of numerous studies on the causes of diabetes, it has been concluded that genetic and environmental factors play an important role in diabetes. There are mainly two types, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and the factors that cause them differ. This article discusses the methods of treating diabetes with medicinal plants.

Chronic headache disorders are highly prevalent neurological conditions that significantly impair quality of life. Comorbid depressive states exacerbate pain perception, reduce treatment efficacy, and contribute to functional disability. This study investigates the functional and metabolic neurophysiological characteristics of depression in patients with chronic headache disorders. Functional neuroimaging revealed altered activity in the prefrontal cortex, limbic regions, and disrupted connectivity between cortical and subcortical networks. Metabolic assessments demonstrated reduced glucose utilization in key brain regions involved in pain processing and emotional regulation. The severity of depressive symptoms correlated with both functional and metabolic alterations, indicating a neurobiological basis for comorbidity. Findings highlight the importance of early detection and integrated therapeutic strategies targeting both neurological and psychological aspects, which can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

 "From 65 years old " increased in people cancer disease danger noticeable at the level exceed ".  Both women and men infected with the human papillomavirus are at high risk of developing cancer. Smoking and obesity are also major causes of cancer. The risk of developing this disease and the mortality rate are higher in men than in women." This article describes the treatment methods, surgical interventions, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer.