This article explores the dynamic relationship between language and culture in contemporary linguistics, emphasizing how they influence and shape each other. Language serves as a repository of cultural identity, reflecting values, traditions, and worldviews, while culture shapes linguistic evolution through social practices and environmental factors. The article examines linguistic diversity, globalization’s impact, and the role of technology in fostering cultural exchanges and preserving endangered languages. It also highlights interdisciplinary approaches like sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and ethnolinguistics in understanding this interplay. The discussion underscores the significance of language in cultural identity, multilingualism, and negotiating hybrid identities in globalized societies.

Acquiring a new language after the critical period of puberty presents a unique set of challenges and triumphs. This article aims to explore the cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of language acquisition in adulthood. We delve into the difficulties faced by individuals undertaking this linguistic journey later in life, such as overcoming cognitive barriers and adapting to new cultural norms. Despite these challenges, we also highlight the triumphs and rewards that come with mastering a new language, including enhanced cognitive abilities, cultural understanding, and personal growth. Through this exploration, we aim to shed light on the complexities and resilience involved in acquiring a language after puberty. 

This paper explores the methodology of integrating new pedagogical technologies to enhance the teaching of disaccharides and polysaccharides in school studies. Emphasis is placed on utilizing digital tools, interactive methods, and real-world applications to foster active learning and student engagement. Key strategies include the use of virtual simulations, augmented reality, inquiry-based learning, and flipped classrooms to simplify complex biochemical concepts. The paper also highlights the significance of laboratory experiments and collaborative tools in building a deeper understanding of carbohydrate structures and their biological importance. This approach aims to improve conceptual clarity and promote critical thinking skills among students.

Self-activation is considered one of the most important principles of learning. It is the basis for the development of human consciousness, will, memory, thinking and other qualities. “What a person does not possess as an amateur performance is not his”

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So in this article I will try to depict the impact of higher education in entrepreneurial success which the degree really important in terms of start the business. When it comes to the higher education, there will be provided the literature review by using some peer-reviewed articles as well as journals. Besides that regarding the significance of higher educations based on an entrepreneurship that also will be given primarily information in this study. By the way also I need to emphasize that in this researching paper, there will be used both primary also secondary researches and plus the qualitative researching methodology as well, there will be interview with education related also not related but still successful people. So there will be clearly description of the topic above given as much as possible.

Small businesses play a vital role in the economic development of Uzbekistan. Access to financing is often seen as one of the main barriers to their growth. This article explores the features of small business lending in Uzbekistan, examining its evolution, current challenges, and opportunities. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, the study highlights the role of financial institutions, government policies, and the regulatory environment in supporting small businesses. The article provides a comprehensive overview of how small businesses access capital in Uzbekistan and the dynamics shaping their success.

In modern stomatology, aesthetics plays a pivotal role in enhancing patient satisfaction and self-confidence. Advances in dental technology and materials have enabled practitioners to provide treatments that not only restore oral health but also improve the visual appeal of the teeth and smile. This article explores the integration of aesthetics in contemporary dental practice, highlighting its impact on patients' psychological well-being, social interactions, and overall quality of life. The discussion emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment plans and the use of innovative methods to achieve optimal results.

Tamerlane himself would probably have believed that Mirza Ulugh Beg should have been famous for his conquests and victories. But he went down in history as a lover of the world, a poet and a stargazer. He can serve as a shining example for modern youth due to his irrepressible passion for knowledge and desire for scientific progress. His life inspires young people to strive for discoveries and contribute to the development of society.

Loans occupy the largest share in the structure of assets of commercial banks in Uzbekistan, so the liquidity and financial stability of banks directly depend on the quality of the loan portfolio. In turn, improving the quality of the loan portfolio necessitates the improvement of credit risk management practices. The article identifies topical problems associated with improving the practice of credit risk management and develops scientific proposals aimed at solving these problems.

In this study we investigate how artificial intelligence (AI) can transform the human resource management (HRM) functions in the banking sector exploring the use of AI within three key areas: talent acquisition, employee engagement and performance evaluation. In this highly competitive, regulated banking environment, the use of AI driven tools deliver impactful improvements, both during the hiring process by improving predictive analytics to identify top talent as well as robust automated compliance checks and the subsequent development of sentiment analysis to assist with tracking employee satisfaction. The research talks about how these technologies help solve sector specific challenges — for example, automating recruitment processes for highly specialised roles, or implementing fairness in employee appraisals within highly prescriptive operating frameworks relevant to banks. Further, it looks at the ethical and operational facets of adopting AI, and how this could hold implications for ethics and how transparency of AI algorithmic decision making is required to maintain the trust of a very focused and scrutinized marketplace.

The study adopts a mixed method approach integrating quantitative surveys conducted among banking HR professionals with qualitative case studies of the leading financial institutions to understand a nuanced picture of AI adoption. It critically investigates how in the face of emergent digital banking requirements, AI applications can enable workforce adaptability and skill development. Think of the story of Machine learning algorithms able to spot skill gaps and suggest customized training programs to keep people nimble in the crooked face of technological disruptions. In this regard, the research also discusses the specific context of the banking sector in Uzbekistan, and suggests suitable AI-based HR strategies for local application in accordance with industry regulatory and cultural requirements. Through taking them actionable research, the study emphasizes AI’s potential to help HRM in banks improve operational efficiency, increase employee satisfaction and improve the bank’s future ready workforce.

This paper explores the role of modern innovations and mobile applications in enhancing English language teaching (ELT) and language competence among students in pedagogical direction institutions. The study delves into the integration of technology-driven tools, specifically mobile applications, into the language curriculum to improve pedagogical approaches. The article reviews a range of mobile applications, their effectiveness, and their implications for language learning. The results indicate that mobile learning fosters increased student engagement, personalized learning experiences, and improvements in language competence.

This article explores the stylistic characteristics of complex syntactic constructions in the English and Uzbek languages. Drawing on comparative analysis, it identifies how these constructions contribute to expressiveness, clarity, and nuance in both languages. The study examines literary texts, academic writings, and conversational examples to determine the aesthetic and functional differences. Findings reveal that while English heavily relies on subordination and concise coordination for stylistic effect, Uzbek often uses parataxis and rich conjunctive patterns to enhance rhythm and clarity. This contrast underscores the influence of linguistic structure on stylistic choices.

This article presents information on the results of scientific research that allows us to evaluate and study the morphological features of the kidneys of 3-month-old rats after moderate to severe spinal cord injuries. Morphological analysis of the rat kidneys was performed on the 7th and 14th days after spinal cord injury.

This article provides the commercialization of higher education, its causes, the impact of commercialization, and how international governments are replied to the problem. The study recognizes two main reasons of commercialization: economic pressures, particularly the decrease in government funding for public universities, and globalization, which has increased competition among universities to attract international students. To other side of primary and secondary research, the study shows up both the good points and bad points outcome of commercialization. On the positive side, commercialization carries out developed funding, grew conditions for universities, and greater opportunities for research. However, it also increases concerns about the decline in the quality of education, improving tuition fees, and the commodification of education. The survey results focus on that many students, especially those at public universities, see commercialization as detrimental to educational standards. Finally, the article suggests that global strategies to address the negative effects of commercialization, including government regulation and the continued growth of academic associations, should strive to ensure that the quality of education and the public interest remain central to the higher education system, even as government regulation and academic associations continue to grow.

 In today’s rapidly evolving business industry, understanding effective leadership and decision-making is critical to the success of organizations. This article focuses on students’ perceptions of leadership styles, decision-making processes, and key management principles. By surveying students, this study aims to uncover their perceptions of what constitutes effective business management in the modern world. The results can provide valuable insights into how future professionals perceive the concept of leadership, the role of collaboration, and the importance of flexibility in decision-making. This study also provides a comprehensive worldview about the future of business management, highlighting emerging attitudes and perceptions among students regarding the qualities and behaviors of successful managers.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between customer loyalty programs and customer retention in Uzbekistan. Even though the competition is growing in Uzbek business market, loyalty programs are still not very popular. This research, which targeted 82 participants, aims at finding out whether loyalty programs influence the level of customer loyalty and result repeat purchases. The evidence shows that loyalty programs actually do play a role in the choice of brand, customer loyalty and spending behavior. Also, it is equally important to have emotional involvement of customers by offering discounts and point based rewards. From the research findings it can be concluded that businesses operating in Uzbekistan could greatly benefit if they design good loyalty programs.

Is it possible to use digital technologies to develop creative thinking of preschool children? In fact, it is possible to use technologies to develop children's creative thinking. In this, parents and teachers of children help to develop creative thinking and creativity.

In this study we investigate how artificial intelligence (AI) can transform the human resource management (HRM) functions in the banking sector exploring the use of AI within three key areas: Engagement and performance evaluation, as well as talent acquisition. By using AI driven tools in this very competitive, very regulated banking environment, the use of predictive analytics to identify top talent, automated compliance checks and their consequent use of sentiment analysis to track employee satisfaction, have made an impact. These technologies are described in research, how they help solve specific sector challenges, for example automating recruitment of highly specialised roles, or fairness in employee appraisals, given highly prescriptive operating frameworks applicable to banks. Moreover, the evaluated phenomenon illustrates issues of adopting AI from an ethical and operational standpoint, with the potential of these to influence ethics and how the transparency of the AI algorithmic decision making is necessary for market place to continue trusting.

Using a mixed method approach consisting of quantitative survey of banking HR professionals and inductive case studies of the leading financial institutions, the study advances a nuanced picture of AI adoption. By critically exploring how AI applications can support workforce adaptation and skill development, it addresses how workforce adaptability and skill development are supported in the scenario of emergent digital banking requirements. What if you think of the story of Machine Learning algorithms predicting the skill gap and suggesting personalized training programs toidual people to be nimble in the crooked road of technological disruptions? This research also describes the context of the banking industry in Uzbekistan, and proposes specific AI enabled HR strategies, applicable within financial sector boundaries and within accounting of industry specific regulatory and cultural factors.

The study highlights potential of AI to provide actionable research to help the HRM in banks enhance operational efficiency and increase employee satisfaction and creating a bank’s future ready workforce.

This article explores the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) in Uzbekistan, its applications, and the challenges and opportunities it presents for the future. The digital economy has experienced rapid development in recent years, emerging as a primary driver of the technological revolution and becoming a central focus of progress. Given that AI technologies play a pivotal role in the digital economy—ranging from optimizing business processes to fostering innovation—this study examines the advantages and challenges of integrating AI into the digital economy and its broader implications for growth and development.

Rare forms of CMP in children include non-compact left ventricular cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy. The difficulties in diagnosing non-compact and restrictive cardiomyopathy are due to the paucity of sound symptoms, the variability of clinical manifestations and the possibility of an asymptomatic course for a long time.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are two of the most talked about technologies in recent years. AI refers to the ability of machines to learn and make decisions without human intervention. IoT, on the other hand, is a network of devices connected to the internet and able to communicate with each other. The combination of these two technologies, known as IoT, has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work. AI can bring human-like decision-making and awareness to the IoT environment, which can lead to increased efficiency and improved processes. For example, AI can help in predictive maintenance of machines, which can save companies millions of dollars in repair costs. It can also help in optimizing energy consumption in buildings, which can reduce energy bills and carbon footprints. Despite the potential benefits, integrating AI with IoT is not without its challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the huge amount of data generated by IoT devices. AI algorithms require large amounts of data to train and make accurate predictions. Another concern is the security of IoT devices, which may be vulnerable to cyberattacks.

Nowadays,  technology has a huge role in modern education and in the modern world and nothing can be achieved without it. In addition, due to the development of business and marketing technologies in modern education, online learning is possible, namely Google, Zoom and You tube and a number of other sites and applications where you can learn. This is followed by a number of researches and articles, and based on these, we can say how to strengthen education, create a special approach to weak areas and students. (Soki D. Shyamlee, 2017)

This article studies the effectiveness of using information technologies and marketing tools in the privatization of state assets. During the study, the speed and transparency of privatization through electronic trading platforms were analyzed, and the possibilities of increasing demand for state property through marketing strategies were studied. According to empirical data, the use of information technologies in these processes helps to increase budget revenues and accelerate the trading process. The results showed that it is an important factor in developing cooperation between the state and the private sector.

The article focoses on measures aimed at increasing the potential and ability of students.In the article in elevated education In higher education, the Annotal Teacher's importance is significant  in the  course of today's science, modernization processes, globalization processes for innovative public, training  specialists, exercise, training systems, pedagogical function, to modernize the efficacy of pedagogical  activities. Digitization of education involves continuity and completeness.  

This in the article example and issues discussion as solution skill formation methodology illuminated . The students logical thinking ability development , mathematics issues analysis to do and solution find in the process discussion methods importance analysis Also , effective​​ methods and recommendations cited .

Teaching academic writing to ESL (English as a Second Language) students is essential for helping them develop the necessary skills to succeed in higher education or professional environments. This process involves understanding key writing structures, improving language proficiency, and becoming familiar with academic conventions. To support ESL students, educators should focus on teaching the fundamentals of essay structure, from introductions and thesis statements to body paragraphs and conclusions. Additionally, expanding students' academic vocabulary and helping them understand the use of cohesive devices is crucial for clarity and coherence. This article explores various techniques and strategies that can effectively enhance the academic writing skills of ESL students.

Instilling the spirit of hard work in first graders is a crucial aspect of their early education. This study explores pedagogical principles that foster positive attitudes toward effort, perseverance, and responsibility in young learners. The principles emphasize learning through play, setting clear expectations, scaffolded learning, intrinsic motivation, positive reinforcement, and modeling hard work. Additionally, the integration of real-life connections, collaborative learning, and problem-solving fosters resilience and discipline. By establishing consistent routines and celebrating achievements, educators can lay a foundation for lifelong learning and a strong work ethic.

Drying is one of the most ancient and widely used methods for preserving fruits and vegetables. The process reduces water activity, which inhibits microbial growth and enzymatic activity, ensuring extended shelf life. However, optimizing the drying process is crucial to preserve the nutritional value, color, texture, and flavor of the products while minimizing energy consumption and operational costs. . It is known that the drying process is one of the main links in reducing the costs of long-term storage and transportation of fruits and vegetables grown in agriculture. Accordingly, a systematic analysis of the process of drying fruits and vegetables was carried out in the research work, and the laws of interphase exchange in the capillary pore structure of the product during the heat-metabolism process, humidity and temperature changes in the layers of the product were studied. Based on research, a 6-level hierarchical structure was developed taking into account the generality of chemical, physic-chemical, biophysical, and metabolic processes This article delves into the principles of drying, factors affecting its efficiency, techniques for optimization, and advances in drying technologies for fruits and vegetables.  The drying of fruit and vegetable products is a crucial process for preserving nutritional value, extending shelf life, and enhancing marketability.

The article is devoted to modern methods of training cadets in the military training center, it talks about recommendations for achieving high results in officer training and teaching officer aspects through an integrative approach to the process of training reserve officers.

This article explores the critical role of personalized marketing in enhancing customer retention and loyalty within the contemporary business environment. Building upon these literature sources and current data, it shows how organizations leverage data and technology to customize the communication and service content to respond to the specificity of buyer needs. They also show about how personalization supports customer attention, satisfaction elements, and perceived value, cross sell and up sell prospects. However, there are some weaknesses connected with the development of the product and with the satisfaction of customers’ wants without incorporating their personal details. Consumers have been the focus of interest throughout the article and it is crucial that organizations demonstrate the correct attitude to ‘end consumers’ in addition to this it is vital that ‘consumers’ are able to identify values. Therefore, a firm that incorporates mass customization techniques in its marketing tactics is on a better position in the fight for the so prized, marketing champion title and a greatly enhanced organizational effectiveness.

In this research I will explain how hard to make decision to the entrepreneurs for their business success and what kind of consequences are waiting them after their decision. Moreover, there will be analysis of their decision for the growth of their business or negative impacts. There will be several famous companies and different industries that increased or decreased of their value in the market in order to making their owners or CEO`s decision. In short, usually it is hard to make decision because it is so risky even it gives more profit while it gives loses.

Almost every part of our lives is impacted by inflation, which gradually raises the cost of products and services. This article looks at how inflation changes how people spend their money and how businesses plan their strategies. The way people decide what to buy is directly affected by inflation, which raises the prices of goods and services in general. When prices go up, people usually spend less on things they don't have to and more on things they do need. Businesses react to rising costs by changing their price tactics and supply lines. To attract and keep customers, they may also run sales or offer cheaper options. Secondary data, like reports and case studies, and primary data, like a survey of Uzbekistan customers, are both used in the study. The results show that when prices go up, people change how they spend their money, putting basic wants first and cutting back on things that aren't necessary. Businesses are responding by raising prices or putting out items that are good value for money. Furthermore, the study shows that both individuals and businesses need to adjust to changing economic situations to stay financially stable and successful.

“The Day They Burned the Books” by Jean Rhys provides a sophisticated examination of resistance and identity creation in a colonial setting. The way that Rhys creates her characters’ identities is examined in this essay, especially in light of the intricate power relationships between race and class in the Caribbean. The investigation highlights the subtle and overt ways people negotiate their identities and subvert the prevailing colonial narratives by looking at the experiences of both adults and children. This study demonstrates how seemingly inconsequential deeds and silences may be effective forms of resistance against the repressive powers of colonialism through attentive readings of major passages.” Historical-comparative method , biological and socio-cultural methods have been used in the research.

This article discusses the model of a modern teacher, which emphasizes embracing new educational ideas, the ability to continuously learn, broadening one's worldview, and engaging in constant creative exploration through ongoing research and self-development. Furthermore, the paper expresses views on the main goal of a teacher's self-development and independent professional growth, which is to achieve the desired level of professional competence.

By applying these measures, healthcare professionals can significantly reduce the risk of drug resistance in TB patients on an outpatient basis. The key to preventing drug resistance is to follow a treatment regimen, monitor progress, and make adjustments if necessary to treat complications or drug resistance. These actions should be part of a coordinated, patient-centered approach to TB treatment.

The “Driving Innovation in the European Earth Observation Start-Up Ecosystem: ”Insights from the SEBS Start-Up Survey 2021” looks at the trends of EO start-ups in Europe and their use of satellite imagery to solve the problems of the world, including climate change, urbanization, and sustainable resources. This work explains the growth strategies, challenges and potentials of 43 EO start-ups in 16 European countries. It assesses how these enterprises apply government aided satellite information in creating and implementing commercial focused solutions. This survey underpins the extreme reliance on public domain information sources and underlines the necessity for diverse funding and the boosting of the private sector to secure the sustainability and growth of EO solutions. Policy recommendations are offered for government, business, and other stakeholders to build a strong EO start-up sector able to deliver on social and environmental goals.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, including a large class of Leishmanias, is widespread in Uzbekistan. Leishmanias are parasites belonging to the class of flagellates and differ from representatives of other classes in that they have one flagella throughout their body. Currently, skin leishmaniasis frequently disturbs the population in the regions of Uzbekistan, especially in the city of Termiz of the Surkhandarya region. Skin leishmania parasite does not cause a very dangerous disease to the human body, but it has the characteristic of forming a bad wound on the skin and leaving a strong scar.

This article examines the process of how English has evolved into a global language and analyzes the key factors that contributed to its worldwide dominance. Through historical, economic, political, and cultural perspectives, the study explores the position of English in the global context. The research findings suggest that the role of the British Empire, US global influence, international business, and technological development were crucial factors in establishing English as a global language.

Currently, phraseology in the media is mobile: it does not stand still and is constantly evolving. The globalization of all vital spheres of society has also affected the sphere of language, thereby contributing to the emergence of new phraseological units in mass media texts. These units come there from all spheres of human activity, reflecting the picture of modern society, which contributes to the emergence of scientific interest in the study of the sources in which the process of formation of these units took place, and the ways, the so-called information guides, which provoke their appearance in the media.

The concept of virtual space and its sphere of influence have left no field untouched. Today, our dependency on social networks has grown to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, we have begun to perceive the devices connecting us to the virtual world as an integral part of our bodies. Living in virtual space is more dangerous than you and I think. The issue is so urgent and complex that it can be raised to the level of an absolute problem. Why? First of all, let's face the facts. Today, every office worker in the world spends an average of 5-6 hours a day in front of a computer. If you add up telephone conversations, TV, the Internet and computer games, this figure doubles.

Neuromarketing joins the fields of neuroscience and marketing in trying to discover what makes people make choices without them even realizing it. With tools such as fMRI, EEG, and eye-tracking, companies can learn more about people's feelings and tastes, thus enabling them to make better advertising campaigns.

       This article looks into how neuromarketing has revolutionized the art of advertising through an examination of the tactics by which Coca-Cola, Campbell's Soup, and BMW utilized these techniques in a manner that would stir an advertising viewer to become brand-loyal consumers. While neuromarketing has immense potential to make marketing functions more effective, it concurrently poses several ethical concerns, primarily on privacy and manipulation issues. Added to the social issues concerning neuromarketing, it has several pros and cons. This study is going to give a full picture of its place in modern advertising.

Multifunctional public buildings play a significant role in contemporary architecture and urban planning. Their design requires consideration of numerous factors, including functional organization, aesthetic qualities, sustainability, and energy efficiency. This article explores the key typological features of such buildings, focusing on spatial and planning solutions, the integration of diverse functions, and the application of modern technologies. Special attention is given to multifunctional complexes, their impact on the urban environment, and current architectural trends.

Orthodontics has undergone a remarkable transformation, evolving from a primarily functional treatment to a comprehensive approach that addresses both aesthetic and functional concerns. This article delves into the multifaceted benefits of modern orthodontic treatment, exploring its impact on oral health, facial aesthetics, and psychological well-being.

By harnessing the power of advanced technologies, orthodontists can now achieve precise and efficient tooth movement. Digital orthodontics, with its advanced imaging and treatment planning capabilities, enables clinicians to visualize treatment outcomes and tailor treatment plans to individual patient needs. Clear aligners and self-ligating braces offer discreet and comfortable treatment options, making orthodontic treatment accessible to a wider range of patients.

Beyond the physical benefits, orthodontic treatment can significantly enhance an individual's self-esteem and quality of life. A well-aligned smile can boost self-confidence, improve social interactions, and contribute to a positive self-image. By understanding the transformative potential of modern orthodontics, individuals can make informed decisions about their oral health and embark on a journey toward a healthier, more beautiful, and confident smile.

The article presents an analysis of current data on the use of various types of temporary structures in prosthetics on dental implants. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of temporary prostheses, such as removable and non-removable structures, as well as adhesive bridges and acrylic crowns, are considered. Attention is paid to the methods of manufacturing temporary structures, including the use of self-hardening bisacrylate composites, acrylic materials and CAD/CAM technologies. Special attention is paid to the role of temporary prostheses in the process of osseointegration, where they help restore aesthetic and functional characteristics, maintain bite height and prevent overloading of implants. The article also analyzes situations when the use of temporary structures is necessary to ensure comfortable rehabilitation of the patient during the period of osseointegration, as well as to minimize the risk of dysfunctions. The article highlights the importance of choosing optimal temporary prostheses, taking into account the clinical characteristics of each patient, as well as the need for further research in the field of temporary prosthetics on dental implants.

This article examines the PISA international assessment program and the importance of measuring mathematical literacy in it. The PISA program assesses students' ability to apply mathematical knowledge in practice. Also, the results of participation and the weaknesses of the education system in Uzbekistan, including textbooks, teaching methods, and student motivation problems were analyzed. Recommendations for creating practical textbooks, training teachers and increasing the interest of students are given for the development of mathematical literacy.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education has revolutionized traditional teaching methods, particularly in language instruction. This study explores the aims and objectives of utilizing AI to teach English in elementary classes. By leveraging adaptive learning technologies, AI not only personalizes educational experiences but also enhances students' linguistic competencies. This paper investigates the motivations, methodologies, results, and implications of incorporating AI-driven tools into English language pedagogy.

As we know, idioms are an integral part of language, offering insight into culture, thought processes, and even humor. In this article, we will explore both the descriptive and theoretical aspects of English idioms, examining their characteristics, uses, and significance within the broader context of language study. By integrating both perspectives, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of these fascinating expressions and their role in communication.

Distributed communications network with no single central point – dates back to the days of the telegraph; however, the real research base was conducted by the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in develop a series of protocols or procedures that would allow computers to communicate with each other over a packet network. This set of protocols, published in 1974, is called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and is the computing foundation of the Internet.

Distributed communications network with no single central point – dates back to the days of the telegraph; however, the real research base was conducted by the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1968 to develop a series of protocols or procedures that would allow computers to communicate with each other over a packet network. This set of protocols, published in 1974, is called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and is the computing foundation of the Internet.

obstructive ureterohydronephrosis in children is a condition characterized by enlargement of the renal pelvis and ureter due to obstruction of the flow of urine. Timely diagnosis is very important to prevent kidney damage and preserve kidney function. The diagnostic process can be complicated by symptoms such as abdominal pain, flank pain, urinary tract infections, or problems with urination. begins with a thorough clinical history and physical examination, focusing on symptoms.

intussusception is a common condition in children that occurs when a portion of the bowel telescopes into an adjacent segment, causing obstruction and potential ischemia. Diagnosis usually involves a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging studies, such as abdominal ultrasound or computed tomography, to confirm the presence and extent of intussusception. Surgical treatment in cases of hemodynamic instability, intestinal necrosis, or failure of non-surgical treatment. is displayed.

gastroschisis is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall characterized by protrusion of the abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall, usually located to the right of the navel. This condition poses unique challenges to surgical treatment due to the risk of bowel injury, infection, and other complications. The timing and technique of surgical intervention are very important to optimize results, requiring a customized approach based on the individual situation, focusing on minimizing morbidity and optimizing long-term results. Research into innovative surgical techniques and postoperative care strategies continues to improve the prognosis for children with this disease.

one of the methods in which the teacher's, pedagogical skills significantly affect the increase in his qualifications, pedagogical abilities, pedagogical competence is the improvement of the qualifications of Continuing Professional Education. This article will talk about professional competencies in future specialists, methodological competence, its components, the tasks of methodological competence and how to formulate this competence in primary school teachers. 

The article investigated the various literary devices that proverbs and aphorisms have in English literature. They act as vehicles for foreshadowing, humor, theme emphasis, social critique, character development, and moral instruction. A literary work's texture and meaning are greatly influenced by the author's ability to communicate complicated concepts in a clear and resonant manner due to their compact and frequently familiar structure. These expressions, whether they are employed to convey timeless truths, offer perceptions of human nature, or accentuate a character's humor, continue to enhance literature by giving readers depth and accessibility.

In this article, the typological distinctions between the word forms of English and Uzbek—two linguistically different languages with different morphological systems—are examined. Uzbek is distinguished by its agglutinative structure, which is the result of adding several suffixes to a root to produce complex word forms that express a variety of grammatical functions, including case, number, and tense. On the other hand, English uses a more analytical method, combining derivation and inflection, and uses auxiliary verbs and word order to show grammatical links. This study classifies many morphological patterns in both languages by carefully examining word creation processes, emphasizing the distinct functions of affixation, composition, and zero derivation. Through a comparison of similar structures, including verb forms and noun changes, the study highlights how these typological elements influence language usage and learning. The knowledge of cross-linguistic morphological typology is enhanced by this study, which offers linguists, translators, and educators who study the connections between the Uzbek and English languages important new information.

This article explores the development and application of measurement units in Central Asia up to the 9th century. Measurement systems played a crucial role in the region's economic, social, and cultural life, being widely used in trade, agriculture, irrigation systems, construction, and architecture. Units such as misqal, botman, qarich, arshin, and farsakh were integral to daily life and international trade relations. The article also examines the adaptation of measurement systems in local and international trade processes and their contribution to the development of regional culture and economic connections. The research is based on historical sources, shedding light on the origins, evolution, and practical significance of these measurement systems. This study provides valuable insights into the history and culture of Central Asia.

This article explores the intersection of phonetics, self-description, and the human body, with a particular focus on the skeleton. Phonetics, the study of sounds in human speech, not only helps in communication but also reveals insights into identity, culture, and perception of the body. Self-description involves the way individuals express their physical and emotional states, often shaped by the structure of the body, particularly the skeleton. The skeleton, as the framework of the body, plays a fundamental role in shaping posture, movement, and the physical manifestation of identity. This article examines how phonetics can be influenced by the body’s skeletal structure, how people describe themselves in relation to their body, and the implications for both linguistics and body image.

The creation of an electronic library coupled with the ability to identify similar texts plays a crucial role in the management and validation of content in various fields such as academia, publishing, and legal sectors. This paper discusses the functional structure of a system designed to store, organize, and retrieve documents while leveraging text comparison algorithms to detect similarities or potential plagiarism. The system integrates components such as a Library Management System (LMS), text processing and indexing modules, a similarity detection engine, and an intuitive user interface. By utilizing advanced text comparison algorithms like cosine similarity, Jaccard index, and machine learning models, the system enables efficient text similarity detection, thereby improving content validation and ensuring document integrity. The functional structure also emphasizes scalability, user experience, and the seamless integration of document storage, indexing, and comparison tasks.

In the article, the spiritual and moral qualities of leaders and pedagogues of professional educational institutions were analyzed, and the personality of the leader and pedagogue was justified and shown on the basis of scientific, theoretical and pedagogical principles.

The article describes the mechanisms, methods and means of instilling the concepts of religious tolerance in the minds and hearts of students in the formation of spiritual education in vocational schools. The bridge connecting spiritual and national education is religious education, and the methods and means of gradually forming its laws in the hearts of students are analyzed.

This article talks about the role of linguistic typology in linguistics, the importance of typology of modern languages. Also, theories about the study of common and specific features of languages in linguistic typology, the main methods in linguistic typology are given. The main problems encountered during the typological analysis of Eastern languages and their solutions are presented.

This article is devoted to the study of the linguistic features of religious terms in English and Uzbek. It analyzes the origin, semantic changes, morphological and syntactic structure of religious terminology in both languages. The article covers the cultural and historical factors of religious lexicon, its peculiarities in the translation process, and issues of spiritual equivalence. Special attention is paid to understanding the commonalities and differences of religious terms in English and Uzbek, as well as their communicative role. The article is of urgent importance for translators, linguists, and cultural scholars.

The article examines the theoretical aspects of the formation of hygienic competence among students of medical educational institutions, pedagogical mechanisms and technological foundations of development. The pedagogical need for developing hygienic competence among students of medical educational institutions is also analyzed.

This article examines the similarities between Abdulla Oripov's doston “Road to paradise” and Dante's “Divine comedy.” Both works explore themes of spiritual awakening, the journey of the soul, and moral and ethical struggles. The comparative analysis highlights shared literary techniques, symbolic imagery, and philosophical perspectives on the human condition. The study also sheds light on how cultural and historical contexts influence the depiction of universal concepts such as paradise, redemption, and divine justice.

The rational nutrition of children of kindergarten age is of great importance in the growth and development of child oranism, in the adequate satisfaction of the demand for basic and complementary nutrients. The presence in the consumer food of growing organisms of macro-and micronutrients in the required amount ensures the normal course of physiological, biochemical processes in the body. The protection and strengthening of children's health has been and will remain the main task in any society. It is children who make up the most vulnerable and sensitive part of it and, at the same time, determine its future Labor, reproductive, intellectual and vital potential. There is a steady trend towards a 1.9-2.3-fold increase in obesity among children and adolescents, with the prevalence of digestive system diseases and nutrition-related diseases such as anemia.

Language learning is not just a cognitive process but a deeply psychological journey influenced by various emotional, social, and cognitive factors. This article explores the psychological aspects that affect language acquisition, such as motivation, anxiety, self-esteem, and cultural adaptation. It highlights the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the impact of emotional resilience, and the role of neuroplasticity in developing language skills. Additionally, the article examines how identity and social interaction shape language learning experiences. By understanding these psychological dimensions, learners and educators can create more effective and empathetic approaches to mastering new languages.

The given article discusses the issues of improving the methodology of working on mistakes, while teaching reproductive skills (speaking and writing) in English classes in A2 level students. There discussed some points of errors that turned to right methods and giving correct methods in teaching language.

This article describes the scientific-theoretical foundations of tourism development, further increasing the competitiveness of tourism, improving the quality of the provided tourist services, the development trends of tourism in Uzbekistan and suggestions for the development of tourism are presented.

This article explores darknet browsers as tools for accessing the anonymous darknet network, their types (Tor, I2P, Freenet), working principles, and technical features. It focuses on the opportunities these browsers offer for both legitimate activities (freedom of speech, privacy protection) and criminal ones (drug trafficking, weapons trade, cybercrime). The use of darknet browsers for illegal purposes and counter-measures against this activity are analyzed.

Humans are curious. The human mind always forces them to think, reflect, and explore the environment. In particular, the word fortitude has been and continues to be widely studied in many sciences, philosophy, psychology, ethics, and social sciences. This article examines in detail the study of the word fortitude in science.

 Articulatory phonetics, a branch of phonetics that studies the physiological mechanisms involved in speech sound generation, offers fundamental insights into human communication. This article investigates the mechanisms of speech production, focusing on the role of speech organs, articulatory processes, and their importance in language learning. Understanding how sounds are generated and modified can help learners and instructors improve their pronunciation and intelligibility. The uses of articulatory phonetics in technology, speech therapy, and linguistic study are all covered.

Planning, organizing independent work of students in an informed educational environment and creating all the necessary conditions for this, teaching students to study more during classes, seeing ways to gain knowledge showing, giving a referral for independent work is one of the main tasks of a higher education institution.

The article describes how proverbs with a gender component have their own semantic characteristics from the perspective of nationality comparing them in English, Russian and Uzbek languages. In particular, the study of the gender characteristics of proverbs in English, Russian and Uzbek is planned to be studied through six types of semantic groups: marriage, love, appearance, fatherhood/motherhood, character (behavior) and old age, and is analyzed through three folk proverbs.

This article provides information about oligophrenia, that is, mentally retarded children, in which the modern stage of mental retardation is characterized by various diseases, as well as information about Russian and foreign scientists in this field.

Timely assistance to preschool children with hearing impairments, early identification of the time of speech formation and rational use of this opportunity, increase in speech-developing activities and benefits for children's health.

Criminologists and many forensic trace evidence specialists distinguish between identification and individualization, but they do not clearly distinguish between individualization and uniqueness. This article explains these terms and discusses the relationships between identification, individualization, and uniqueness of forensic evidence.

This article analyzes the linguistic and cultural characteristics of euphemisms in women's speech in English and Uzbek using Louisa May Alcott's Little Women as an example. Euphemisms are words and phrases used to soften the negative, unpleasant, or ugly aspects of people or situations, and they are especially widely used in women's speech. Alcott's Little Women illustrates women and their place in society, as well as the subtle and complex aspects of women's language. The article analyzes how euphemisms in English and Uzbek differ in structure, function, and cultural context. Through the work, an attempt is made to understand the role of women in society and the ideals expressed through language, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Over the past 6 years, within the framework of the implementation of measures for the fundamental reform and improvement of the healthcare sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to significantly improving the quality of state-guaranteed services for the provision of emergency medical care to the population, primarily to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the ambulance service. In particular, as a result of the implementation of measures defined by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 16, 2017 No. UP-4985 "On measures to further improve the emergency medical care system", Resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 16, 2017 No. PP-2838 "On measures to further strengthen the material and technical base and organization of the emergency medical care system", dated January 25, 2018 No. PP-3494 "On measures to accelerate the improvement of the emergency medical care system" , dated October 16, 2018 No. PP-3973 "On measures to improve the ambulance service in the Republic of Uzbekistan" and dated June 16, 20 22 No. PP-283 "On improving the system of providing emergency medical care to the population" The Republican Center for Emergency Medical Care and 14 of its regional branches were created on the basis of the emergency medical care service and medical vehicle fleets, and a unified vertical management system of emergency medical care , the organizational foundations of the functioning of the emergency medical care service have been optimized, its funding has been increased many times over, centralization of drug provision and targeted allocation of funds for service units have been ensured.

The article examines the pedagogical conditions for organizing independent activities of medical university students as part of their music therapy training. The importance of actively engaging students in independent work for developing their professional and personal qualities is emphasized. Research results are presented that confirm the effectiveness of using music therapy as a tool for enhancing students' emotional intelligence and stress resilience. Special attention is given to pedagogical conditions, including methodological support and ensuring an individualized approach.

the article contains a summary of the legal basis for protecting its readers from the threat of harmful information, as well as an increasing number of unconventional information and psychological threats that negatively affect the consciousness of young people.

This article cites auscultation of the lung, its axamicity, and lists the order in which auscultation of the lung is performed in this case. The methodology of this process and the sequence of execution are presented on the basis of the procedure on what skills students will acquire in the process of disembarkation to students. This was done on the basis of the basic law rules on how to perform this process in the work of a doctor to students. This greatly allows students to accurately diagnose lung diseases.

This article is aimed at analyzing the oath speech genre and its role and significance in speech acts. An oath is a strong legal expression expressed in language used by individuals in a legal and social context to promise to fulfill their obligations or to perform various legal actions, which is considered a special speech genre in linguistics. The article analyzes the forms, structure and pragmatic functions of the oath speech genre. Special attention is paid to the various legal and moral significance of the oath, its communicative functions and role in speech acts. The article also studies the use of the oath in a social and cultural context.

The global political landscape is undergoing significant transformations, with the rise of authoritarian trends challenging democratic frameworks and reshaping nation-building processes. This paper explores the complex interplay between authoritarianism, democracy, diplomacy, and nation-building in the contemporary political environment. Authoritarian regimes, driven by populism and nationalism, have been consolidating power, undermining democratic institutions and principles. In contrast, democracies continue to face internal pressures, such as polarization and economic inequality, but show resilience through reforms and civic engagement. Diplomacy plays a pivotal role in managing these tensions, fostering international cooperation, and advocating for human rights. Nation-building processes, influenced by both political systems, are increasingly focused on social cohesion and the balancing of diverse national identities. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for adaptive governance, robust diplomatic frameworks, and inclusive nation-building strategies to navigate the evolving political landscape.

This article is devoted to the issue of technical regulation in construction in the context of the liberalization of the standardization system. The article describes the activities, goals and functions of self-regulatory organizations in the construction industry in developed countries. Possibilities and prospects of applying this experience in Uzbekistan are analyzed.  

This article explores the journey of Abdukodir Khusanov, who is introducing Uzbekistan's football to the world, particularly Europe. It examines his entry into the world of football, his achievements, successes, and significant role in the development of Uzbek football. Additionally, it highlights the key factors behind his success on the international stage through his playing technique.

Inclusive education goes beyond physical accessibility. It recognizes that people have different learning styles, abilities, interests and cultural backgrounds. These changes, in turn, required changes in the activities of special teachers, transformation of their functional responsibilities and, accordingly, a revision of the list of necessary professionally significant and personal qualities. This article shows that by now the general and methodological issues of training special teachers to work with children with disabilities abroad have been studied quite well. By adapting teaching methods and curriculum to account for these differences, educators can ensure that every student can actively participate in the learning process.

This article presents scientific and practical ideas, proposals and recommendations on the ways, technologies and mechanisms of attracting investment to Uzbekistan, as well as the role and place of the world market in this.

This article explores the critical role of social interaction in language acquisition, integrating insights from psychology and linguistics to enhance pedagogical practices. The paper examines how communication, collaboration, and cultural context shape language learning processes. It discusses the psychological mechanisms that drive language acquisition in social settings, including motivation, affective factors, and cognitive engagement. By synthesizing findings from both fields, the article offers practical recommendations for educators to create interactive, communicative learning environments that foster language development, while also considering the influence of social dynamics on learners’ linguistic and cognitive growth.

The article analyzes the criteria for social stratification of the population. The current state and development trends of social stratification of society in Uzbekistan are identified, and the fact that rapid changes are taking place on a global scale today, and a new balance of power is being formed in the international arena, is analyzed.

This article analyzes the possibilities of developing and applying a filtering algorithm to remove noise from images using one of the digital filters — the median digital filter. The median digital filter effectively reduces noise in signal and image processing while precisely preserving their contours and structures. Considering the effective features of the digital filter, this approach ensures maximum noise elimination and complete signal recovery in the field of biomedical signal and image processing. The article provides a detailed analysis of the theoretical foundations of filtering and develops a mathematical model. Using this model, studies are conducted on the efficiency of biomedical image processing, particularly focusing on preserving image quality, minimizing noise, and achieving interpolation accuracy. The practical application of the developed algorithm is assessed based on its role in improving diagnostic outcomes in real-life medical image processing. Additionally, the article explores new opportunities for applying this approach in biomedicine and other technical fields.

Today, individualization of education is one of the urgent issues. Individualization of education can be done through several means. This article discusses the use of educational web resources and their effectiveness in individualizing education.

Humor pragmalinguistics is an interdisciplinary field that explores the intersection of humor, language, and context, examining how humor is created, conveyed, and interpreted through pragmatic and linguistic mechanisms. This article provides an overview of humor's role in communication, focusing on key concepts such as speech acts, implicature, conversational maxims, and face theory. It highlights how humor relies on the manipulation of language to generate incongruity, surprise, or irony, and how its meaning is shaped by the social, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs. The article also examines the role of shared knowledge and social identity in the co-construction of humor, as well as the challenges of humor translation across cultures and languages. By integrating insights from pragmatics, linguistics, and social interaction, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of how humor functions as both a social tool and a linguistic phenomenon, revealing its essential role in everyday communication and intercultural dialogue.

This article explores modern methods for teaching the Russian language in primary classes, emphasizing the integration of interactive, technology-driven, and learner-centered approaches. Techniques such as play-based learning, project-based tasks, and cultural immersion are highlighted for their ability to engage young learners effectively. The use of digital tools, personalized instruction, and multisensory methods ensures that students develop strong linguistic skills and cultural awareness. Parental involvement and innovative assessment strategies further enhance language acquisition. The article also addresses challenges in implementing these methods and offers practical solutions. These approaches aim to foster a love for the Russian language while equipping students with essential communication skills.

Currently, as a result of excessive use of water resources, their reduction and deterioration in quality is causing a number of environmental problems. That is why the study and protection of the dynamics of collector-wastewater, which is used for irrigation and is formed in cultivated fields, is considered one of the urgent problems.

This article examines ways to effectively use consumer loyalty in the process of improving market mechanisms. Consumer loyalty is an important factor in increasing market stability and enterprise competitiveness. The article recommends various strategies for implementing loyalty programs, in-depth analysis of customer needs, personalization of products and services, strengthening brand image, and developing quality service. It also emphasizes the importance of taking customer feedback into account and integrating online and offline services. It is argued that through these approaches, enterprises can establish long-term cooperation with consumers and effectively develop the market.

The article  explores the intricate connection between a learner's sense of cultural belonging and their drive to acquire a new language. It examines how cultural identity influences attitudes toward language learning, including integrative and instrumental motivations. By understanding the interplay between cultural identity and motivation, educators can create inclusive and culturally responsive learning environments that promote linguistic and intercultural development

The article analyzes the importance and methods of developing personalized educational materials in the process of differential education for groups of different levels. Special methodological approaches are proposed for the effective organization of the educational process, taking into account the individual characteristics, knowledge levels and interests of students. This article provides practical recommendations for educators and educational institutions on increasing the level of student learning through a personalized approach. Also, the directions of adapting educational materials and improving the pedagogical skills of teachers using innovative technologies are considered.

This article examines important features of native language lessons, such as developing not only students' speech skills, but also creative thinking, logical analysis, expressing their thoughts through language, creating new ideas, using modern pedagogical technologies, and forming individual and team work skills.

The use of nanoparticle cements to improve their physico-mechanical properties, brand and other properties in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete products is the basis for their wide use in construction and other industries. Materials obtained on the basis of nanocements are promising building materials.

This article analyzes the pedagogical foundations of the development of creative abilities in world science, the possibilities of using modern pedagogical approaches and innovative technologies.  The main factors of the formation of creative thinking, the integration of creative elements into the educational process, and the methods of identifying and developing creative potential are considered in detail.  Effective strategies aimed at developing creative abilities in educational institutions are offered.

Non-normative documents are usually documents that do not have legal force and are not required to be enforced. They may contain instructions, guidelines, information or recommendations on specific issues. Such documents are distinguished by the following characteristics

In this article, various methods of proving inequalities are presented, and examples are given of proving inequalities by definition, artificial methods of proving inequalities, and proving inequalities by inverse hypothesis.

The use of folk remedies in the treatment of elderly patients with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a subject that requires careful consideration, given the complexity of the disease, the vulnerability of elderly patients, and the potential risks and benefits of non-conventional treatments.

This article provides a scientific and philosophical and didactic analysis of ideological ideas and their place in the current literature, which arose from the point of view of the periods, stages and structure of jadid literature. The importance of their works in the development of literature.   This article analyzes the current problems of the XIX-XX centuries, the actions of representatives of jadid literature to eliminate these problems, the product of actions and the results.  

The role of mass media in the implementation of Public Information, Awareness, and Relations (PR) is integral to ensuring effective communication between organizations and the public. Mass media serves as a critical platform for disseminating information, raising awareness on important social and political issues, and fostering positive public relations. Through a variety of channels—such as television, radio, print, and digital media—mass media informs, educates, and engages diverse audiences, influencing public opinion and shaping societal behaviors. Furthermore, mass media plays a pivotal role in crisis communication, monitoring public response, and building credibility for institutions. This paper explores the various functions of mass media within the PR framework, highlighting its impact on information dissemination, public awareness, relationship-building, and public opinion formation.

Nowadays it is ordinary case to encounter literary works with fathers as a vital hero. However it is tough to meet one in which the role of father has been revealed as well as in Jane Austen’s novels. In this article the concept of “father” and the role of “father in the novels of Jane Austen were discussed.

This article examines strategies for adapting to climate change and ensuring the rational use of natural resources in Uzbekistan. It highlights the challenges posed by rising temperatures, water scarcity, and desertification, while exploring practical solutions, including sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, and integrated water resource management. By analyzing Uzbekistan's policies and initiatives, the article offers insights into building resilience and promoting sustainable development in the face of climate challenges.

This article considers the importance, methodology and practice of training primary school students in the spirit of national customs and traditions. The article explains how students can contribute to their personal development by promoting national heritage, traditions, and traditional values. Also, opinions are expressed about the role of educational institutions and the importance of educational methods in the process of primary education in the formation of national spirituality, and pedagogical approaches are presented.

This article explores models and strategies for achieving "green growth" in developing countries. By integrating sustainable development goals (SDGs) with economic policies, the article highlights pathways to balance economic growth with environmental protection. Key emphasis is placed on the role of renewable energy, eco-friendly technologies, and sustainable urbanization in fostering green growth. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of case studies and theoretical frameworks, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders.

This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of behavior in the adolescent psyche in the manifestation of deviant behavior that occurs in a person in interpersonal relationships in the process of activation in society; psychological effects of character accentuation in a person in the manifestation of activity aspects.

The problem of children's traumatism is an extremely urgent medical and social problem in the world's population of all regions. According to reports, more than 186,000 children die each year in the world as a result of road accidents and other impacts. For this reason, it is important to regularly study and analyze the causes of children's traumatism, their details, the consequences and ways to eliminate the symptoms of copulation.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a Schedule A disease. Given the potential for rapid spread of the disease, all suspected cases should be reported and investigated immediately. Understanding the mechanism of FMD spread and control measures is key to outbreak investigation and allows the source of an outbreak to be traced along with potential routes of further spread. Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in vast areas of Africa, Asia and South America. In 2022, the following countries remain unfavorable for FMD: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Israel, Indonesia, UAE, Palestine, Algeria, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tunisia, South Africa. In Russia, in 2022, foot and mouth disease was not registered. There are seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, pigs, goats, African buffalo, deer, yaks and other artiodactyls are susceptible to it. The two principle ways in which an animal can become infected are by inhalation of virus particles in the air, and by ingestion of food material containing virus particles, also through abrasions, contaminated instruments or artificial insemination. Up to 50 % of ruminant animals become persistently infected after clinical recover and termed a "carrier". Key risk factors for virus introduction are the introduction of a new animal into the herd with an unknown FMD vaccination status, seasonality, lack of vaccination, herd size. The cause of infection is often the uncontrolled or illegal movement of livestock. The main risk of FMD introduction comes from livestock, vehicles, people directly working with livestock susceptible to FMD, wild animals. The key principles of biosecurity are isolation of sick animals, cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment. Foot-and-mouth disease is a major barrier to international trade in livestock and animal products, so countries free of the disease are taking increased precautions to prevent the virus from entering.

The article discusses the need for a competency-based approach in preparing students for professional activity in professional education, the goal of forming professional competence is to develop such components of the learner's self-understanding, assessment and management in the process of professional and personal development, and to prepare for work in secondary specialized and vocational educational institutions, to study the basics of general and specialized subjects, to achieve a positive attitude towards mastering general and specialized knowledge in professional activity, Development of pedagogical and technical-technological thinking as a method of identifying and solving problems in problematic situations inherent in production processes, the ability to apply individual educational methods in professional activities, the formation of reproductive and creative methods of educational-pedagogical and production activities, the development of important professional-pedagogical qualities in professional activities, namely, compassion, love for children and others, professional and personal to reveal the need for self-development.

In this paper, we explore the themes of multiculturalism and cultural mixing in the works of Abdulrazaq Gurnakh, one of the most renowned contemporary writers. Issues of identity, migration, and the intersection of different cultures can be seen in many of Gurnakh’s narratives. Through the experiences of his characters, he highlights the tensions and synergies that arise in multicultural environments, particularly in postcolonial contexts. The analysis shows how Gurnakh’s fiction reflects cultural fluidity, demonstrating both the challenges and enrichments that diversity brings to personal and collective identity. An examination of key texts reveals the nuances of Gurnakh’s depiction of cultural convergence and how his work contributes to wider debates about globalization and heritage.

The article analyzes the dynamics of population growth and its national composition in the era of rapid scientific and technological development. In both cases, whether the world's population is increasing or decreasing, countries around the world find it appropriate to test mechanisms to improve the quality of life of the population in practice.The fact that the population of developed or developing countries today has a higher or better quality of life is substantiated on the basis of scientific facts.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical constituents and biological effects of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae). Extracts from Hypericum perforatum L. have been found to have a wide range of biological and pharmacological effects, including antidepressant, antibacterial, wound healing, and antimicrobial activity. The antidepressant activity of the raw material extracts may be related to the ancient use of these plants as medicinal plants. The only antidepressant principle isolated to date is vitamin B6, which is responsible for the antidepressant activity of this medicinal plant. Based on the chemical and pharmacological properties of H. perforatum, we conclude that this species has beneficial therapeutic properties and has the potential to be used as an effective adaptogenic herbal remedy.

This article analyzes modern methods of fault detection in technological machines using artificial intelligence (AI) on a scientific basis. Early detection of faults and increasing production efficiency through vibration and acoustic analysis, thermal monitoring, computer vision, IoT integration and predictive maintenance systems are highlighted. The advantages of AI models, technical infrastructure requirements, practical applications and problems are systematically described.

The degrowth theories within ecological economics can be distinguished between two flows: Georgescu-Roegen, S.Latouche and K.E.Bullding, H.E.Daly,  T.Jackson. In the former, degrowth leads to a complete rejection of any development or growth, culminating in negative growth, whereas, in the latter, degrowth does not necessarily end in a total rejection of all progression or growth. At first glance, these differences seem to stem from varying interpretations of thermodynamic laws, but underlying them are different analytical visions regarding environmental issues. The flow from Boulding to Daly to Jackson believes that the sustainability of human societies can be secured through balanced growth or steady-state economics, whereas Georgescu-Roegen and Latouche do not share this belief. This divergence in beliefs or visions has led to distinct degrowth theories. This paper will analyze this process while comparing the two degrowth theories.