Myasthenia gravis in children is a rare autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by pathological muscle fatigability and variable weakness of skeletal muscles. Despite its relative rarity in pediatric practice, this condition has significant clinical importance due to the risk of generalization, development of bulbar disorders, and myasthenic crises. Clinical manifestations in children are diverse and are often limited to oculomotor disturbances, which complicates early diagnosis. In addition, the pediatric population is characterized by a high frequency of seronegative forms, which reduces the diagnostic value of standard immunological markers and requires a comprehensive approach to diagnostic verification.

The article presents current data on the clinical and pathogenetic features of myasthenia gravis in children, as well as the results of analysis of our own clinical observations. The main clinical forms of the disease, diagnostic criteria, the capabilities of electrophysiological and immunological methods, and principles of medical and surgical treatment are discussed. Special attention is given to early detection and optimization of therapeutic strategies depending on the form and severity of myasthenia gravis. The obtained data indicate the predominance of oculomotor forms of myasthenia in children, the high effectiveness of anticholinesterase therapy, and the importance of timely administration of immunosuppressive agents in generalized forms of the disease. Early diagnosis and an individualized treatment approach improve prognosis and quality of life in pediatric patients.

The hemostatic system is a complex biological mechanism responsible for maintaining blood fluidity under physiological conditions and preventing excessive blood loss following vascular injury. It involves coordinated interactions between vascular responses, platelet activation, plasma coagulation factors, and fibrinolytic processes. Disturbances in the balance between these mechanisms may lead to hemorrhagic complications or pathological thrombosis.

The aim of this study is to analyze the physiological and pathological features of the hemostatic system and summarize current knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating coagulation, platelet activity, and fibrinolysis. Particular attention is given to molecular and cellular mechanisms of thrombus formation and the role of endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and immune mechanisms in the development of hemostatic disorders.

Understanding the mechanisms of hemostasis is essential for improving diagnostic approaches and developing effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic and hemorrhagic diseases.

This study analyzes the ecological condition of the Fergana Valley and the main factors influencing environmental pollution. The geographical location, natural conditions, and the impact of industrial, transport, and agricultural activities on the environment are examined. Particular attention is given to air, soil, and water pollution, as well as erosion and land degradation processes. The study also provides recommendations for improving environmental conditions and ensuring sustainable development in the region.

Phraseological units represent one of the most expressive layers of language and play a crucial role in conveying cultural and semantic meanings. This article explores the semantic features of phraseological units, focusing on their idiomaticity, stability, figurativeness, and semantic unity. Phraseological expressions often possess meanings that cannot be deduced from the meanings of their individual components. The research analyzes the semantic characteristics of phraseological units and their role in linguistic communication. The study also highlights the importance of phraseological units in understanding cultural identity and linguistic creativity. The findings show that phraseological units enrich language by providing expressive and culturally bound meanings that go beyond literal interpretation.

 This article examines the pivotal role of digital technologies in the contemporary globalized world, focusing on their socio-economic impact and application across various spheres of human activity. The research highlights the transformative benefits of digitalization in education, healthcare, public administration, and the national economy. Furthermore, the concept of "digital culture" is explored as an essential component of modern social interaction. The study concludes that the integration of digital tools is a fundamental driver for sustainable development and national progress in Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of the comparative study of world literature in primary school reading literacy classes. The article identifies the pedagogical conditions necessary for the development of students' verbal competence through the comparison of national and foreign works. The method of comparative analysis is justified as an effective tool for the formation of students' critical thinking, worldview, and intercultural communication skills.

This article analyzes the role of innovative pedagogical technologies in the modern education system, their significance, and prospects for increasing the effectiveness of the educational process. During the research, a comparative analysis of traditional and innovative approaches is presented, and the roles of ICT, project-based learning, and interactive methods in improving the quality of education are highlighted. At the end of the article, practical recommendations for creating an innovative environment are provided.

Graphic organizers (GOs) represent one of the most effective visual-spatial tools in modern pedagogy, enabling the structured presentation of information, revelation of conceptual interconnections, and stimulation of active cognitive processes in learners. This comprehensive article delves deeply into the theoretical, empirical, and practical foundations of employing graphic organizers to significantly elevate students' cognitive activity—encompassing active knowledge acquisition, processing, critical analysis, synthesis, application, metacognition, and long-term retention. Drawing upon foundational cognitive theories such as dual coding (Paivio), schema theory (Ausubel), generative learning (Wittrock/Mayer), and cognitive load theory (Sweller), GOs facilitate dual-channel processing, reduce extraneous cognitive load, promote generative integration of new knowledge with prior schemas, and foster higher-order thinking skills.

Extensive international meta-analyses and single-case studies demonstrate moderate to large effect sizes (e.g., 0.5–1.24) in improving comprehension, vocabulary, inferential reasoning, and academic outcomes, particularly for diverse learners including those with disabilities. In the Uzbek educational context, amid ongoing reforms toward competency-based, interactive, and digital-integrated learning (aligned with the 2026 Development Strategy), GOs align seamlessly with interfaol metodlar, enhancing bilish faolligi, mustaqillik, mantiqiy fikrlash, and ijodiy qobiliyatlar across subjects like mother tongue, reading literacy, sciences, and history. The article examines over 20 types of GOs with detailed examples, implementation strategies, benefits, limitations, integration with AI/digital tools, empirical evidence from both global and local studies, and evidence-based recommendations for educators to maximize impact while avoiding common pitfalls such as overload or poor design.

This article systematically analyzes the evolutionary features of metacognitive development in primary school students. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to develop students' skills of consciously managing their own cognitive activity in the modern educational process. The purpose of the study is to identify the gradual evolution of metacognitive development, integrate its theoretical foundations and develop a conceptual model. The research methodology was based on the integration of the theory of cognitive development (Jean Piaget), the social-constructivist approach (Lev Vygotsky) and the theory of self-directed learning (Barry J. Zimmerman). This integrative approach made it possible to interpret metacognitive development as a unity of individual, social and regulatory factors. As a result, a five-stage evolutionary model of metacognitive development (implicit, emergent, regulated, reflective, internalized) was developed and the cognitive and behavioral indicators of each stage were identified. The results of the study showed that metacognitive development is not a linear, but a dynamic process of gradual complexity, in which reflection is the highest stage of development. This model can serve as a theoretical and practical basis for the development and assessment of metacognitive skills in primary education.

The rapid development of renewable energy sources has become one of the main priorities for sustainable economic growth and environmental protection. Solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants are widely used due to their environmental friendliness, low operating costs, and long service life. This study analyzes the technical parameters and economic indicators of a 510 kW solar photovoltaic power plant installed at Karshi State University in Uzbekistan. The analysis focuses on the performance of solar panels, electricity generation efficiency, and economic benefits obtained from renewable energy utilization. The research evaluates the installed capacity, energy output, system efficiency, and financial savings resulting from reduced electricity consumption from the grid. The findings indicate that the solar station significantly reduces operational energy costs and contributes to sustainable energy development. According to available data, the solar power system installed at Karshi State University produces approximately 152,880 kWh of electricity per month, saving about 153 million UZS in energy costs and generating an annual economic benefit of approximately 734 million UZS. The results demonstrate that solar power plants installed in educational institutions can serve not only as a sustainable energy source but also as a research and training platform for students and engineers. Furthermore, the economic analysis confirms that renewable energy investments are economically viable in regions with high solar radiation such as southern Uzbekistan.

This study examines innovative pedagogical approaches to improving lesson effectiveness through music activities in general secondary schools. The research is conducted within the framework of Uzbekistan’s national development priorities, particularly the Action Strategy for the Five Priority Areas of Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2017–2021) and the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan (2022–2026). The study highlights the role of music education in enhancing students’ cognitive, emotional, and social development. Modern teaching methods, including interactive learning, digital technologies, and project-based approaches, are analyzed as effective tools for increasing student engagement and learning outcomes. The findings indicate that integrating music activities into the educational process contributes to improved academic performance and the development of cultural awareness. The study concludes that innovative music pedagogy is essential for improving education quality and supporting holistic student development.

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the semantic and structural characteristics of toponyms in the Uzbek and English languages. The study examines the mechanisms of place-name formation in both language systems, specifically focusing on the methods of affixation and compounding. Furthermore, the distinctive aspects of semantic groups of toponyms, such as hydronyms, oronyms, and anthroponyms, are investigated. The article demonstrates that despite the languages belonging to different linguistic families, there are similar logical patterns in naming geographical features; however, national-cultural and structural differences prevail in their linguistic manifestation.

Ushbu maqolada bulut texnologiyalari asosida axborot izlash tizimlarini (AIT) tashkil etishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari ko’rib chiqilgan. Bulutli AIT arxitekturasi tahlil qilingan, an’anaviy va bulutli yondashuvlar solishtirilgan hamda bulutli platformalarning afzalliklari — kengaytiriluvchanlik, qulaylik va iqtisodiy samaradorlik — baholangan. Integral bulutli AIT modelini joriy etish bo’yicha besh qatlamli strukturaviy model taklif etilgan va uning ta’lim hamda tashkiliy sohalarda qo’llanilishi muhokama qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari bulutga asoslangan AIT an’anaviy serverga asoslangan yechimlarga nisbatan ma’lumotlarni olish tezligi, mavjudligi va tizim barqarorligi bo’yicha sezilarli ustunlikka ega ekanligini tasdiqlaydi.

This article explores effective strategies for enhancing citizens’ awareness and understanding of insurance. The study focuses on educational programs, media campaigns, digital platforms, and government initiatives designed to promote insurance literacy. Attention is given to the role of public engagement, trust-building, and the simplification of insurance products in fostering an informed population. The research identifies challenges such as low financial literacy, cultural barriers, and misinformation, and proposes practical recommendations to increase insurance knowledge, encourage policy uptake, and strengthen financial protection among citizens.

 Speech is one of humanity's most remarkable means of communication. The methodology of developing speech is a crucial subject in linguistics and education, as well as in social relations. The evolution of ideas, the dissemination of cultural concepts, and the overall advancement of societies are deeply intertwined with the ways in which individuals express themselves. The art of structuring thoughts into clear, grammatically correct, and effective speech is essential not only for everyday communications but also for academic and professional achievements.

This article examines the principles and practices involved in developing and implementing effective marketing strategies for insurance companies. The study focuses on market analysis, customer segmentation, product positioning, promotional tactics, and distribution channels. Special attention is given to digital marketing, customer engagement, and competitive differentiation in the insurance sector. The research identifies challenges such as low consumer trust, market saturation, and regulatory constraints, and proposes practical recommendations to enhance marketing effectiveness, increase policy sales, and improve brand loyalty.

Critical thinking is regarded as one of the most essential skills of the 21st century, especially in the field of education. The changing demands of contemporary society, the rapid evolution of technology, and the growing complexity of knowledge have intensified the importance of developing critical thinking among future primary school teachers. As primary school teachers are tasked not only with imparting basic academic knowledge but also with shaping the cognitive, social, and emotional development of children, their ability to think critically becomes a fundamental prerequisite for effective pedagogy, curriculum development, and holistic student guidance.

This article examines the advantages and challenges associated with implementing electronic insurance (e-insurance) systems. The study explores benefits such as increased accessibility, efficiency, cost reduction, improved customer service, and enhanced data management. At the same time, it highlights challenges including technological infrastructure limitations, cybersecurity risks, regulatory compliance, and resistance to change among stakeholders. The research provides insights into strategies for successful adoption of electronic insurance systems and recommendations to optimize their effectiveness in improving service delivery and customer satisfaction.

This article discusses Ayyub, a new figure in Uzbek literature who lived and worked in the Khorezm region in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. His creative legacy and life have been studied, and for this purpose, manuscripts held in Germany (Göttingen University Library) and Uzbekistan (Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Institute of Oriental Studies Foundation) have been used as the objects of research. Furthermore, the information provided by the Turkish scholar Zuhal Kargı Ölmez on the poet Ayyub in Volume 5 of her book ‘Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları’ (Studies on Turkic Languages) was also utilised in this research to elucidate the content of the selected works, the metre of the poems, and the meaning of certain words. The poet’s works have been analysed from a textual, rhetorical and literary perspective. The data obtained from the research are presented in tabular form, which includes conclusions drawn on the basis of the three manuscripts mentioned above, which are currently known to the field. According to this table, the total number of Ayyub’s works currently stands at 55, comprising 51 ghazals, 2 mukhammas, and 1 munajat. This article presents a stylistic description, a literary analysis, and an examination of the stylistic features of Ayyub’s works, thereby providing an approximate estimate of the poet’s period of life. It also specifically notes that a significant proportion of his works are ghazals, and that they are imbued with literary art. The analysis revealed that the poet had a son named Sobir and that there is an elegy dedicated to him. The findings demonstrate the significance of the poet’s position within the literary community. Ayyub was one of the Sufi poets and was recognised in his time.

This article examines the development and implementation of innovative products in the insurance services market. The study analyzes the factors driving innovation, including technological advancements, customer demands, competitive pressures, and regulatory changes. It also evaluates the impact of innovative insurance products on market growth, customer satisfaction, and operational efficiency. The research identifies challenges in developing and implementing innovative products, such as high development costs, regulatory compliance, and market acceptance. Recommendations are provided to enhance the adoption and effectiveness of innovative insurance products in improving service quality and competitiveness in the insurance sector.

This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for developing soft and digital skills in university students in the context of digitalization of the educational process. It analyzes modern approaches to understanding these competencies, revealing their interrelationships and significance for the professional training of future specialists. Particular attention is paid to the methodological conditions and pedagogical tools that facilitate the effective development of soft and digital skills in the university educational environment. It concludes that a systematic and integrative approach to developing these skills within academic disciplines and extracurricular activities is necessary.

 This article examines the role of insurance in providing social protection. It analyzes how insurance mechanisms, including life, health, and property insurance, contribute to reducing social risks, stabilizing household incomes, and supporting vulnerable populations. The study also explores the interaction between government social protection programs and private insurance, identifying areas where insurance can complement public efforts. Challenges such as low public awareness, limited insurance coverage, and regulatory constraints are discussed, and recommendations are provided to enhance the effectiveness of insurance in achieving social protection goals.

This study looks at the psychological and social dimensions of family interactions in modern culture. By evaluating current literature and empirical data, the study finds significant elements that influence family cohesion, conflict resolution, and emotional support within families. The findings demonstrate how communication patterns, socioeconomic level, and cultural norms influence family dynamics. The practical ramifications for family counseling and social policy are addressed.  

Innovation in the insurance sector plays a crucial role in improving competitiveness, customer satisfaction, and financial inclusion. The introduction of innovative products, such as usage-based insurance, microinsurance, parametric insurance, and digital platforms, allows insurers to address emerging risks and market demands more effectively. This study examines the development and impact of innovative insurance products in Uzbekistan and internationally. Using a combination of statistical, comparative, and analytical methods, the research evaluates product adoption, market penetration, and customer response. The findings reveal that innovative products enhance market growth, diversify revenue streams, and improve risk management. However, challenges such as regulatory adaptation, technological barriers, and low awareness limit their effectiveness. Recommendations are provided to promote innovation, strengthen regulatory support, and improve accessibility for various customer segments.

A new complex compound based on the ligand 2-amino-5-methylthiadazole-1,3,4 of Cd (II) iodide was synthesized. The composition and structure of the synthesized compound were studied by methods of elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Based on the results of elemental analysis, it was shown that during the synthesis, a complex with a metal:ligand ratio of 1:2 is formed. The results of IR spectroscopic analysis of the obtained compound showed that the coordination polyhedron consists of monodentately bonded heterocyclic ligands. In the 1H NMR spectrum of ligand and complex solutions, the coordinated ligand in the heterocycle undergoes "amin-imin" tautomerism with the nitrogen atom of the exo-amine group.

 Insurance serves as a critical tool for ensuring social protection by providing financial security against life, health, property, and income-related risks. It contributes to the stability of households, reduces vulnerability, and promotes sustainable economic development. This study analyzes the role of insurance in supporting social protection systems in Uzbekistan and internationally. The research evaluates the impact of life insurance, health insurance, and social risk coverage programs on vulnerable populations. Data from national statistics, insurance reports, and international sources were analyzed to assess coverage, efficiency, and accessibility. The findings indicate that well-designed insurance mechanisms enhance social resilience, increase public trust, and reduce poverty risks. Challenges such as low awareness, limited coverage, and insufficient regulatory frameworks constrain their effectiveness. Recommendations are proposed to expand social insurance coverage, improve accessibility, and integrate innovative solutions.

This article describes the structure, physicochemical properties of starch and its oxidized derivatives, as well as the technology for preparing an adhesive composition from them. Within the research framework, starch samples were oxidized using various methods, and the amount of carboxyl and aldehyde groups in their composition was determined. The morphology of the oxidized starches was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their thermal stability was analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). An adhesive composition based on oxidized starch with polyacrylamide and sodium silicate additives was prepared. Important practical properties of the finished composition, such as the degree of thixotropic recovery, setting time, and adhesive strength, were tested. The research results demonstrated the possibility of obtaining a high-quality, semi-transparent, and stable adhesive based on oxidized starch.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are vital for economic growth, employment, and innovation, yet they are highly vulnerable to financial risks. Insurance serves as an essential mechanism for protecting SMEs against operational, property, liability, and business interruption risks. This study explores the role of insurance in supporting SMEs in Uzbekistan, analyzes international best practices, and evaluates mechanisms for improving risk coverage. The research applies both qualitative and quantitative methods to assess market penetration, risk mitigation efficiency, and accessibility of insurance services for SMEs. Findings indicate that insurance enhances financial stability, promotes investment, and facilitates business continuity. Challenges include limited awareness, high premiums, and insufficient tailored products. Recommendations focus on developing SME-specific insurance products, improving regulatory support, and leveraging digital technologies to expand coverage and efficiency.

Basketball is a high-intensity team sport that requires athletes to possess a high level of general and special physical fitness. General physical fitness forms the foundation for athletic performance, while special physical fitness is directly related to sport-specific movements and skills used during basketball games. The aim of this study is to analyze modern technologies and training methods used to improve the general and special physical preparedness of basketball players. The research highlights the importance of systematic training programs, modern conditioning techniques, and sport-specific exercises in enhancing the performance of basketball athletes.

Automobile insurance plays a crucial role in protecting vehicle owners, ensuring road safety, and maintaining financial stability in the transport sector. This study analyzes the current state of the automobile insurance market in Uzbekistan, identifies key challenges, and proposes development strategies. Using statistical analysis, comparative studies, and market surveys, the research evaluates policy coverage, claim efficiency, and regulatory frameworks. Findings show that expanding compulsory and voluntary insurance, implementing digital platforms, and introducing risk-based pricing can significantly enhance market efficiency. Challenges such as low public awareness, limited product diversity, and regulatory gaps remain. Strategic recommendations aim to modernize the sector, increase competitiveness, and improve consumer protection.

This article examines the characteristics of acting performances in modern TV series, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Key criteria include acting skills, individuality in character portrayal, emotional expressiveness, and the ability to engage the audience. The study also critically addresses common issues such as artificial acting, stereotypical characters, and insufficient professional training.

State regulation of insurance activities ensures market stability, financial solvency, and consumer protection while fostering sustainable development of the insurance sector. In Uzbekistan, the legal and institutional framework establishes licensing, solvency requirements, reporting obligations, and supervisory mechanisms to maintain a stable and transparent insurance market. Despite the comprehensive regulations, challenges persist, including limited adoption of digital oversight, slow enforcement, and insufficient support for innovative insurance products. This study analyzes the features of state regulation in Uzbekistan, examines supervisory practices, evaluates regulatory effectiveness, and draws lessons from international experiences. Findings indicate that strong regulatory frameworks, combined with digital monitoring, risk-based supervision, and public-private cooperation, are essential to strengthen market resilience, promote innovation, and enhance consumer trust.

The latest developments in computer technologies have created extensive opportunities for modeling, design, and the production of finished products. With the help of modern equipment and software, it is possible to rapidly create three-dimensional models and automate the manufacturing process of  final products. This article discusses the application of CAD/CAM technologies in prosthetic dentistry.

This article discusses the semantic-linguopoetic properties of other quotations. We will also touch on some specific concepts directly related to the literary text, as other quotations also find their expression in these same texts. In particular, the literary text, unlike other texts, assumes not only the task of conveying simple information to the listener, but also the task of influencing his psyche. This feature is manifested through various poetic devices and syntactic figures in the literary text. One of the means of artistic depiction that reveals the aesthetic function of the literary text and increases its impact is the use of non-original quotations. It is known that a speaker or writer sets a certain goal in conveying his thoughts to the person to whom the speech is addressed. Accordingly, the language units selected by him are methodologically adapted to perform various linguostylistic tasks in a particular speech communication process. The speaker selects the units available in the language, taking into account the social status, gender, age, degree of closeness, profession, situation, place, etc. of the person to whom the speech is addressed, and uses them based on his communicative purpose. Along with syntactic units actively used in expressing thoughts in a literary text, non-original quotations also perform the function of creating an image, character, and description and are generalized within the framework of a linguistic person. Idiomatic speech, regardless of whether it is expressed in the internal or external form of speech in a literary text, allows for the artistic and aesthetic depiction of the character's state, feelings, and thoughts in accordance with the author's wishes.

This article examines the relationship between economic growth and population well-being in Uzbekistan. In recent years, the country has achieved significant economic progress; however, ensuring that this growth improves the quality of life remains a key challenge. The study analyzes national development indicators and government policies, with particular attention to sustainability and social protection. The research is based on official data and speeches of the President of Uzbekistan, which emphasize the importance of human dignity, poverty reduction, and inclusive development.

 This article discusses the role of reported speech that is not one's own as an artistic technique. Indeed, many linguists have pointed out that in literary texts, reported speech that is not one's own is considered one of the most effective methods of conveying someone else’s speech. In literary works, like other syntactic units, reported speech that is not one's own also has a place as an artistic technique. It appears that in achieving the author’s intended goal—evoking a certain response in the reader through the artistic portrayal of a character’s positive or negative traits—reported speech that is not one's own performs an important stylistic function.

 The article examines the issues of activating the teaching of the Russian language through the improvement of teaching forms and methods. The authors provide recommendations on the use of interactive teaching technologies and their significance in stimulating motivation and increasing the level of student engagement.

This article analyzes the issue of cultural memory in the poetry of Alexander Faynberg. The study examines the artistic interpretation of historical and cultural images in the poet’s poetics as well as the poetic expression of cultural memory. Poetic symbols related to history, culture, and human memory in Faynberg’s poems are analyzed, and their artistic functions are identified.

Based on the theory of cultural memory, the article explores the artistic representation of historical experience and cultural heritage in the poet’s works. The research demonstrates that cultural memory in Faynberg’s poetry functions as an important artistic factor enriching poetic meaning and expanding the semantic layers of the literary text.

This article scientifically analyzes the role and importance of artificial intelligence technologies in the online translation process. In particular, the technologies of neural machine translation (Neural Machine Translation – NMT), natural language processing (NLP) used in Russian-Uzbek translation systems, their advantages and linguistic problems are considered. According to the results of the study, although artificial intelligence-based translation systems have significantly increased the speed and scope of translation, the role of a human translator remains in terms of semantic accuracy, cultural context and stylistic compatibility.

This article examines project management of digital building energy monitoring systems based on the digital twin concept. A mathematical model for calculating the actual energy efficiency of a building, including baseline household consumption, is proposed. Unlike approaches prevailing in the scientific literature, the proposed model is designed for the operation of a digital twin without the mandatory use of BIM models and IoT infrastructure, significantly expanding its applicability to a wide range of existing buildings.

This article emphasizes the importance of developing auditory perception in deaf and hard-of-hearing preschool children by familiarizing them with the surrounding sounds in group settings, on the street, and at home. It also addresses establishing oral speech in children with hearing impairments as a tool for thinking and a foundation for language acquisition. One of the most specific tasks of preschool education is the formation and development of oral speech for communicative purposes. Therefore, the main content of this work provides information on teaching auditory perception and oral speech production.

Artificial intelligence and fintech have moved from peripheral innovations to core infrastructure in payments, lending, investment, insurance, compliance, and public supervision. This technological shift is not merely operational. It changes how law is made, interpreted, enforced, and experienced by individuals and firms. The article analyses how AI driven fintech transforms modern law through new regulatory objectives, new forms of responsibility, new compliance architectures, and new tensions between innovation and fundamental rights. Using a doctrinal and comparative approach, it explores the evolution from entity based oversight to activity and risk based governance, the growing role of technical standards and supervisory technology, the reconfiguration of consumer protection in an era of personalised pricing and automated decision making, and the emergence of systemic risks tied to model opacity, third party dependencies, and concentration of digital infrastructures. The paper concludes with a principles based regulatory design for trustworthy AI in finance and proposes a coherent legal toolkit combining governance duties, auditability, data rights, operational resilience, and cross border cooperation.

This article provides information on the ways of providing corrective and developmental education based on the legal and normative bases of social protection of children in need of special assistance regarding the need for the activity of a resource teacher, a school-based teacher, to educate children with special needs in general education settings, guarantees of the rights of people with disabilities, ensuring that the state takes into account the needs of people with disabilities for social assistance and protective measures based on an assessment of their limited life activities, implementing programs for the rehabilitation and social protection of people with disabilities in the types provided for by law, creating conditions for the integration of people with disabilities into society, and taking necessary measures to protect people with disabilities from all forms of discrimination.

this article discusses the topic of socio-pedagogical factors in the development of professional competence of future sign language teachers based on an integrative approach. The role of the phenomenon of "developing educational environment" in the development of professional competence of future sign language teachers, research on the development of professional competence, their content and essence are revealed. The content of work with hearing-impaired children in the subject of the native language is highlighted.

This article examines the pedagogical possibilities of improving students’ knowledge and practical skills in the theory of axonometric projections through a creative approach in general secondary schools. In contemporary education, it is important not only to provide students with theoretical knowledge, but also to develop their spatial imagination, graphic literacy, independent thinking, and creative problem-solving abilities. In this regard, the teaching of axonometric projections occupies a special place in drawing and technical graphics education, since this topic helps students understand three-dimensional objects, represent them correctly on a plane, and apply theoretical concepts in practice.

Education first in the year general speech less developed five old children whole group in frontal classes with training material complete to master It can't . It's not only of speech development , but attention and to memory , quickly fatigue and also affects fatigue does . That's why for speech therapy training , as well as partially educational training transfer for the group the speech develop level into account received without two small to the group to be recommendation is being done .

According to data from the STADA Health Report 2023, the disease that people in Uzbekistan fear the most is Parkinson's disease. This disease causes concern among 23% of the country’s population. These fears are not unfounded, as the disease is considered the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide.

Parkinson’s disease is a condition caused by a deficiency of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, which manifests itself through movement disorders.

This article presents various methods of applying artificial intelligence and digital biomarkers for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. It discusses the possibility of early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease using artificial intelligence methods.

The paper proposes an approach for detecting the disease using video analysis of a patient’s smile as a digital biomarker, an artificial intelligence model for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease based on frequency anomalies in electroencephalography (EEG), and automatic early detection of Parkinson’s disease through the analysis of acoustic signals using classification algorithms based on the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) method.

In this article, the issue of integration and inclusive education of children with disabilities in the general education system is being implemented. Integration of children who are not involved in the science of integration and inclusive education strategy into full-fledged special or inclusive education system in general education institutions, including the correctional education institution in the educational institutions in the regions where they live due to the distance from the children's residence. consists of teaching.

This study investigates the influence of Uzbek language structures on the acquisition of English grammar among Uzbek learners of English. As Uzbek and English belong to different language families and demonstrate significant structural differences, learners often experience grammatical transfer from their first language. The research focuses on identifying common grammatical difficulties that arise due to structural contrasts between the two languages, particularly in areas such as word order, tense usage, articles, and prepositions.

The study analyzes typical learner errors produced by Uzbek students studying English at intermediate levels. Data were collected through written assignments and grammar tests administered to university students. The analysis reveals that many grammatical errors can be attributed to negative transfer from Uzbek, including omission of articles, incorrect word order, and misuse of tense forms.

The findings highlight the importance of understanding cross-linguistic influence in second language acquisition. The study suggests that English language instruction for Uzbek learners should incorporate contrastive analysis techniques to address structural differences and improve grammatical competence.

This article discusses the work on developing oral speech in preschool children with hearing impairments, focusing on shaping their oral speech as a tool for thinking and a foundation for language acquisition. It highlights that a primary task of preschool education is the formation and development of oral speech for communicative purposes. Therefore, the main focus of this work is on teaching perception and the rehabilitation of oral speech.

The process of creating a character in puppet theater is not limited to movements and speech on stage; it also involves interactive communication with the audience. The image of each hero is shaped based on the creative vision of the director and the actor, and through their movements, facial expressions, and speech style, it influences the audience's perception. Interaction with the audience changes the dynamics of the performance and strengthens the emotional connection between the stage and the viewers. This process reveals the unique features of puppet theater and provides an opportunity to elevate art and creative experience to a new level.

This article provides information about seminar training, psychological training, and the methods used in these trainings to improve the anthropocentric approach in students in the process of inclusive education.

This article analyzes the role and significance of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which are becoming an integral part of the global education system, in the methodology of English Language Teaching (ELT). The study explores the transformational potential of large language models such as ChatGPT, ChatGPT, and Claude in developing students' linguistic competencies, particularly in academic writing, vocabulary acquisition, and speaking skills. The article proposes methodological models for integrating traditional teaching methods with AI tools. Furthermore, it scientifically discusses not only the advantages of using AI in the classroom but also the challenges related to maintaining academic integrity (plagiarism) and critical thinking. The article concludes with practical recommendations for English language teachers aimed at increasing lesson efficiency in an AI-driven environment.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is one of the most valuable fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Clasterosporium disease, commonly known as shot hole, is a major fungal infection affecting apricot trees, causing significant losses in fruit yield and quality. The disease is characterized by small circular lesions on leaves, twigs, and fruits, leading to premature leaf drop and reduced tree vigor. This article presents an overview of the disease, its causative agents, epidemiology, and control strategies, including cultural practices, chemical treatments, and integrated disease management approaches. The research emphasizes the importance of timely intervention and preventive measures to mitigate economic losses.

This article highlights one of the most pressing issues of today – the rapid development of artificial intelligence and its impact on human life. The possibilities of artificial intelligence in fields such as medicine, education, economics, media, and other sectors, as well as the potential dangers it may cause – unemployment problems, spread of fake information, cyber threats, and ethical issues – are analyzed. Information about Uzbekistan's opportunities in developing artificial intelligence and the first steps taken in this field is provided.

This article analyzes the themes of social justice, labor, and human transformation in Gʻafur Gʻulom’s novella “The Revived Corpse”. Due to its diary-like narrative structure, the novella conveys the protagonist’s inner world - dreams, thoughts, and emotional experiences- closely to the reader. The article examines satire, symbolic transformations, and elements of folk realism in the work, demonstrating their connection to contemporary social issues in Uzbekistan. From a linguistic perspective, the use of dialects, idiomatic expressions, and the lively language of everyday speech is analyzed. Consequently, the article shows that “The Revived Corpse” is significant not only for its historical context but also for contemporary society.

In this article, the role of agroclusters in developing agricultural product exports in Uzbekistan. Empirical evidence supports policy recommendations for expanding cluster models to enhance sustainable export growth.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the tax burden on economic development, using the example of Uzbekistan’s tax system as of 2026. The study examines the legal, economic, and institutional dimensions of taxation, focusing on how the level and structure of the tax burden influence investment activity, business performance, fiscal sustainability, and income distribution. The research is based on the provisions of the current Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, official statistical data, and modern theoretical approaches in public finance.

 This article analyzes the political and social changes that occurred in society after independence in Uzbekistan, and the role of freedom of thought and speech in further improving civil society in New Uzbekistan. In the age of information technologies, for the correct upbringing of the younger generation, the formation of information culture and responsibility, the sustainable development of society, the need to educate a spiritually mature, legally literate, and independent-thinking personality has been substantiated.

Road safety is a pressing issue worldwide, and road accidents involving trucks often have serious consequences. This article analyzes the role of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in improving the safety of freight transportation in Uzbekistan. The study is based on presidential decrees and orders, scientific literature, and the results of pilot projects in Tashkent. The results show that the main components of ITS—real-time monitoring, telematics sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and V2X communication—are effective in improving safety and reducing congestion in freight transportation. In pilot projects, congestion was reduced by 15–20%, and the risk of road accidents was significantly reduced. The article develops strategic recommendations for expanding ITS in Uzbekistan, improving logistics efficiency, and optimizing the transport system. This study serves to harmonize the country's transport policy with advanced technologies and create a safe and efficient transport system.

In this research work, based on written sources, the socio-political, economic, and cultural life of the bekdoms of the Kashkadarya oasis during the Bukhara Emirate is analyzed. The research used the works of historians who created during the emirate period, archival documents, as well as diaries and memoirs of officials, military personnel, and travelers of the Russian Empire. Also, based on historical works written in the local Persian-Tajik and Old Uzbek (Turkic) languages, the state administration, social relations, and economic situation of the bekliks of the Kashkadarya oasis were studied. As a result of the research, important information about the political and social life of the oasis during the Bukhara Emirate period was analyzed, and their historical significance was revealed.

 This article discusses the concept of human resource management (HRM), its development and its role in the modern era are highlighted. The article examines the main areas of human resources management, such as employee recruitment, motivation, and development, and emphasizes the strategic importance of human capital in today’s global competitive environment.

This article highlights the essence of the concept of civil society and the role of individual freedom in the formation of civil society. It is emphasized that the foundation of civil society is formed by a conscious, free, and responsible individual with rights. Also, the relationship between the state and citizens in a democratic society, the recognition of human dignity, tolerance, and the importance of citizens' participation in the management of society are analyzed. The formation of a strong civil society in a society with a state governed by the rule of law and free citizens is substantiated.

The convergence of insurance and investment functions within a single financial instrument has emerged as one of the most consequential structural shifts in global capital markets over the past decade. This paper examines the mechanisms, empirical performance, and forward-looking trajectory of insurance-investment integrated products — chiefly unit-linked insurance plans (ULIPs), variable annuities, and bancassurance-distributed investment life policies — across major jurisdictions from 2019 to 2024, with projections extending to 2030. Drawing on data from the OECD Global Insurance Market Trends (2025), Allied Market Research, Mordor Intelligence, and McKinsey & Company's Global Insurance Report 2025, the study finds that the global unit-linked insurance market reached USD 1.06 trillion in 2024 and is forecast to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.3%, potentially surpassing USD 1.8 trillion by 2030. The Asia-Pacific region dominates with a 52.3% market share, propelled by rising household wealth, digital distribution infrastructure, and regulatory reform. The study further identifies the role of macroeconomic variables — interest rate cycles, equity market returns, and inflation — in shaping consumer allocation between guaranteed and market-linked products. The MSCI World Index gains of 24.4% in 2023 and 19.2% in 2024 are shown to correlate positively with ULIP premium inflows across Belgium, Finland, Lithuania, Portugal, and Romania. The paper concludes with a discussion of regulatory, technological, and demographic drivers expected to govern growth to 2030, including embedded insurance ecosystems, artificial intelligence in portfolio personalisation, and the green finance imperative.

 This article analyzes the coverage of the history of the Bukhara Emirate in the works of local historians. In particular, in the works of historians such as Ahmad Donish, Mirzo Badi' Devon, Sadr Ziyo, Mahmud ibn Vali, Muhammad Yusuf Munshi, Mirza Salimbek, information about the political, social, economic, and cultural life of the emirate was studied. Also, based on the documents of the Kushbegi archive of the Bukhara Emirate and the Central State Archive, the history of the administrative system, military structure, trade relations, and local principalities in the emirate was analyzed. As a result of the research, it was substantiated that the works of local historians are an important and reliable source in the study of the history of the Bukhara Emirate.

This article posits that the English language functions not merely as a communication tool but as a foundational, non-tariff institution within the architecture of international economics and business. The analysis demonstrates that English operates as a de facto regulatory framework- a lingua economica- that reduces transaction costs, mitigates informational asymmetries, and defines the boundaries of global market participation. The article concludes by considering the implications of this linguistic monopoly for equity, innovation, and the future polycentricity of the global economy.

This article analyzes the role of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in the modern economy, their impact on financial systems, and their significance in global economic processes from a scientific perspective. In recent years, along with the development of the digital economy, interest in crypto assets has increased significantly. In traditional financial systems, banks and other financial institutions play a central role. Cryptocurrencies, however, operate based on the principle of decentralization, allowing financial transactions to be carried out without intermediaries. This process is ensured through blockchain technology.

Blockchain is a distributed database in which all transactions are stored in the form of blocks and protected by cryptographic algorithms. Each new block is linked to the previous one, making it almost impossible to alter the stored information. For this reason, blockchain systems provide a high level of security and transparency. This technology is used not only in financial operations but also in many other sectors such as logistics, public administration, healthcare, and international trade.

This article explores the importance of English as a key professional tool for Human Resource Management (HRM) specialists in the modern global labor market. With the rapid development of globalization, digital transformation, and international cooperation, HR professionals are required to operate in multilingual and multicultural environments. The study analyzes the role of English in recruitment, internal communication, employee training, leadership, and career development. The research is based on general HR practices and personal academic observations. The results show that English significantly improves the efficiency of HR processes and increases professional competitiveness in the labor market.

This article examines the diagnostics and correction of the immune status of athletes from the standpoint of modern sports medicine and exercise immunology. The paper argues that “immune status” in athletes should not be reduced to a single laboratory parameter or to a formal immunogram; rather, it should be understood as a dynamic functional state shaped by training load, competition density, recovery quality, sleep, nutrition, psychological stress, travel, and current illness burden. The article analyzes the diagnostic value and limitations of clinical surveillance, illness history, symptom monitoring, salivary immunoglobulin A, blood leukocyte profiles, inflammatory markers, and emerging biomarker panels.

This study examines the importance of strengthening the role of financial and business activity in enterprises under modern economic conditions. Effective financial and business activity is a key factor in ensuring sustainable growth, competitiveness, and long-term development of organizations. The paper analyzes the main components of financial and business activity, including financial management, resource allocation, investment decisions, and operational efficiency. Special attention is given to the impact of internal and external factors on enterprise performance, as well as to the identification of challenges that hinder effective financial activity. The study also explores modern approaches and strategies aimed at improving financial stability, optimizing business processes, and enhancing overall enterprise performance. The findings highlight that strengthening financial and business activity contributes to better decision-making, increased profitability, and resilience in a dynamic market environment.

This article examines the recovery of athletes after training and competition loads, as well as the rehabilitation of athletes after illnesses and injuries, from a contemporary sports medicine perspective. Recovery is presented not as passive rest, but as a structured and individualized process that restores physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic, and psychological readiness for the next training stimulus or competitive demand. Special attention is given to the management of training load, sleep, hydration, nutrition, active recovery, and monitoring systems that reduce the risk of maladaptation, overtraining, injury, and illness. The article also analyzes rehabilitation as a criterion-based continuum aimed at restoring function, sport-specific capacity, confidence, and safe return to participation, return to sport, and return to performance. A separate section addresses return-to-play after infectious disease, emphasizing full clinical recovery and gradual reloading.

This article analyzes the pedagogical significance, advantages, and effectiveness of using technical multimedia tools in speech development sessions within preschool educational institutions. It substantiates how multimedia technologies’ audio, video, animation, and interactive capabilities can support the development of children’s speech competence, vocabulary, and correct pronunciation skills. The research findings indicate that multimedia tools contribute to improving the quality of education.

This article examines the basic research methods used in gynecology, with emphasis on clinical and epidemiological study designs, diagnostic-accuracy research, randomized trials, and evidence synthesis. In gynecology, method selection is especially important because many research questions involve heterogeneous symptoms, reproductive outcomes, invasive reference standards, long follow-up, and ethically sensitive populations. The article argues that no single method is universally superior: descriptive studies generate hypotheses, observational studies identify associations and risk factors, randomized controlled trials test interventions, diagnostic studies evaluate the performance of tests, and systematic reviews synthesize the accumulated evidence.

In modern education systems, developing students’ reading literacy has become one of the most important objectives of the teaching process. Reading literacy is not limited to the ability to read a text but also includes understanding, analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information. One of the most effective ways to improve reading literacy is the use of critical thinking technologies in the educational process. This article analyzes the importance of critical thinking technologies in enhancing students’ reading literacy, describes effective methods and strategies, and discusses their impact on learners’ cognitive development. The study highlights that the integration of critical thinking strategies into reading instruction helps learners become active participants in the learning process, improves comprehension skills, and develops independent thinking abilities.

This article examines the mechanical properties of biological tissues—bone, skin, muscle, and blood vessels—and their structural organization. The influence of key components such as collagen, elastin, water, and mineral substances (hydroxyapatite) on physical and mechanical characteristics is analyzed. Furthermore, the importance of these properties in modern medicine, particularly in orthopedics, traumatology, surgery, and endovascular practice, is highlighted. The results indicate that the elasticity, strength, and extensibility of biological tissues are directly related to their functional roles.

This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the water spirit archetype as manifested in English and Uzbek classical folklore. Drawing upon mythological, symbolic, and functional frameworks, the study examines the typological parallels and divergences between water spirit figures in the oral traditions of two culturally distinct literary heritages. The English folklore tradition, encompassing figures such as mermaids, water nymphs, kelpies, and Jenny Greenteeth, is compared with Uzbek folk narratives featuring the Suv parisi (water fairy), Suv ayoli (water woman), and related aquatic supernatural beings. Through the application of Jungian archetypal theory, Propp’s morphological analysis, and the Aarne–Thompson–Uther (ATU) motif index, this study identifies shared archetypal patterns rooted in universal human responses to water as a liminal element, while simultaneously highlighting the culturally specific moral, didactic, and cosmological functions these figures serve within their respective traditions. The findings reveal that despite geographical and cultural distance, both traditions employ water spirit figures as mediators between the human and supernatural worlds, as embodiments of feminine power and danger, and as narrative devices for enforcing social norms. However, the Uzbek tradition demonstrates a stronger integration with Islamic cosmology and Central Asian shamanic heritage, whereas English water spirits reflect pre-Christian Celtic and Germanic mythological substrata. This comparative analysis contributes to the broader field of cross-cultural folklore studies and offers insights into the universal and particular dimensions

This article analyzes the enterprises connected to Internet services and utilizing them extensively within economic sectors as a result of reforms in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT). Furthermore, the level of activity of these enterprises in the digital sphere is examined.

This article analyzes cognitive and discursive aspects of information errors in mass media within the framework of academic approaches developed at the Uzbekistan University of Journalism and Mass Communications. The study examines errors arising in the processes of information production and dissemination, focusing on cognitive factors related to human thinking as well as the discursive features of media texts. In particular, the influence of cognitive biases such as confirmation bias and framing effect on the misinterpretation of journalistic content is explored. Furthermore, through discourse analysis, semantic shifts, contextual distortions, and manipulative strategies in media texts are identified. The findings of the study contribute to enhancing information credibility in mass media and provide scientific insights into reducing information errors.

This study, entitled “National Mentality as Reflected in English and Uzbek Paremiological Units: A Linguocultural Perspective,” is devoted to analyzing the reflection of national mentality in English and Uzbek paremiological units from a linguocultural standpoint. The primary objective of the research is to identify the historical and cultural experience, value systems, and worldview of the two nations through the semantics, figurative structures, and pragmatic functions of proverbs and sayings. The study employs comparative-analytical, semantic, conceptual, and contextual methods of analysis. Paremiological units are examined within conceptual fields such as national character, diligence, family relations, social norms, and moral values.

The findings reveal that English proverbs tend to emphasize individualism, pragmatism, and rationality, whereas Uzbek paremiological units more strongly reflect collectivism, respect, patience, and adherence to tradition. At the same time, the analysis demonstrates the presence of shared semantic cores representing universal human values in both linguistic traditions. The results of the research contribute to the further development of linguoculturology, comparative linguistics, and paremiology, and may serve as a valuable resource in the context of intercultural communication and cross-cultural studies.

This article examines the issue of developing students’ intercultural competence through the use of jokes in foreign language classes. The study analyzes the didactic and linguocultural features of jokes and substantiates their role in the language learning process. It is demonstrated that, through jokes, students can acquire not only linguistic units but also cultural values, traditions, and the mentality inherent in the target language. The article also presents effective methods of using jokes in foreign language instruction and highlights their significance in enhancing students’ communicative and intercultural competences, supported by relevant examples.

Mirzo Ulugbek (1394–1449) was a prominent scholar, mathematician, astronomer, and statesman of Central Asia in the 14th–15th centuries. His activities combined scientific research with administrative responsibilities, creating favorable conditions for the development of science and education in the region. The most significant achievements of Ulugbek include the construction of the Samarkand Observatory (1428–1429) and the compilation of the star catalog Zij-i-Sultani, containing over 1,000 stars with precise coordinates. This catalog had a profound impact on the development of astronomy in Central Asia and was used by both Eastern and European scholars for several centuries. In addition to astronomy, Ulugbek contributed to mathematics, geometry, and trigonometry, developing methods for accurate calculations and observations. His approach to organizing scientific work, integrating an observatory, educational institutions, and libraries, became a model for future academic centers. This article analyzes the life, scientific activity, and educational legacy of Mirzo Ulugbek, emphasizing his contribution to the formation of scientific traditions in Central Asia and his influence on global science.

This article studies the problems of terminological equivalence in the translation of literary texts into Uzbek and English and suggests ways to solve them. Based on the analysis of the literature, the study examines the causes of terminological inconsistencies, cultural-linguistic differences, and equivalence strategies in the translation process.

This paper deals with the issues based on analyzing the role of materials design in promoting continuous professional and learner development in language education. Well-structured instructional materials function not only as content delivery tools but also as frameworks that shape cognitive engagement, autonomy, reflection, and long-term competence growth. In contemporary education, especially within learner-centered and digitally mediated environments, materials must support adaptability, differentiation, and lifelong learning principles. The study reviews theoretical and empirical perspectives on materials development, adaptive pedagogy, and teacher agency. It argues that strategically designed materials serve as catalysts for sustainable academic, professional, and self-directed development across diverse educational contexts.

This article examines the methodological, pedagogical, and policy-related challenges of aligning national educational standards with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in teaching Russian as a foreign language, with particular focus on post-Soviet contexts including Uzbekistan. Drawing upon comparative analysis of the Russian Federal State Educational Standards, Uzbek National Curriculum Framework, and CEFR implementation experiences across Asian countries, the study identifies key tensions between international standardization and local educational needs. The analysis reveals challenges including: the Eurocentric orientation of CEFR descriptors; misalignment between CEFR proficiency levels and national assessment systems; teacher readiness and professional development gaps; resource limitations for standardized testing; and the specific linguistic characteristics of Russian that complicate direct CEFR application. The article proposes strategies for adaptive implementation including development of localized CEFR descriptors, integration of TORFL/ТРКИ certification systems, and context-sensitive teacher training programs. The findings contribute to broader discussions on educational policy borrowing and the globalization of language education standards in non-European contexts.

This article explores the methodology of developing dialogic speech in Grade 5–6 students through the systematic implementation of role-play activities in English language lessons. Dialogic speech is a key component of communicative competence and requires structured pedagogical support, particularly at the lower secondary level. The study observes theoretical foundations of role-play within communicative language teaching and sociocultural frameworks and proposes a staged methodological model for classroom application.

This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of applying marketing logistics strategies in wholesale trade, identifies the main types of marketing logistics strategies, and explores their directions of application within the wholesale trade system. The study also substantiates the importance of considering such indicators as logistics costs, inventory turnover rate, on-time order fulfillment, and customer loyalty when implementing marketing logistics strategies in wholesale trade.

The integration of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education in early childhood learning has gained increasing attention worldwide. Preschool education plays a critical role in shaping children's cognitive, creative, and problem-solving abilities. This article explores the potential of English language activities in preschool educational institutions as a means of developing STEAM competencies. By combining language learning with hands-on exploration, creativity, and inquiry-based tasks, young learners can simultaneously develop linguistic skills and interdisciplinary thinking. The study analyzes pedagogical approaches, teaching strategies, and learning environments that support the integration of STEAM concepts in English language classes, contributing to holistic development and early educational innovation.

The article examines the role of digital technologies and telemedicine in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) based on international experience and the first results of the national program of Uzbekistan. It is emphasized that the implementation of electronic medical records, mobile applications for health monitoring, teleconsultations, and remote monitoring of patients contributes to early detection of risk factors, increases patient adherence to treatment, and reduces the frequency of hospitalizations.

International studies show the effectiveness of telemedicine strategies in improving the control of blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other cardiometabolic indicators. Within the framework of the national program of Uzbekistan, positive first results have been recorded: increased involvement of the population in preventive examinations, improved coordination between primary and specialized medical care, and the introduction of digital platforms for monitoring cardiovascular risk. The obtained data demonstrate the перспективность (promising nature) of integrating digital technologies into the healthcare system to reduce morbidity and mortality from CVD.

This article analyzes the psychological-pedagogical essence of the competencies of cognitive perception of professional knowledge and their scientific-theoretical foundations. The role of cognitive processes - perception, thinking, memory and attention in professional activity is highlighted, and the mechanisms of their development are revealed. Also, the importance of modern pedagogical approaches and innovative methods in the effective assimilation of professional knowledge by students in the educational process is substantiated. The article explains the content of the competency-based approach, its psychological factors and impact on personal development. It is emphasized that the formation of cognitive competencies increases students' independent thinking, ability to solve problem situations, and professional flexibility. The results of the study have important theoretical and practical significance in improving the quality of education.

Efficient water use in agriculture has become one of the most pressing challenges in modern farming, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Drip irrigation technology is widely recognized as one of the most effective methods for reducing water consumption while maintaining high crop productivity. However, the efficiency of drip irrigation largely depends on the proper installation of drip irrigation hoses within crop rows. Traditional manual methods of hose placement are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and often lead to irregular placement that reduces irrigation efficiency.

This study focuses on the development of a machine designed for laying drip irrigation hoses between crop rows and substantiating its main operational and structural parameters. The research analyzes the structural design of the machine, its working mechanism, and the optimal parameters required to ensure accurate hose placement. Particular attention is given to the technological scheme, frame construction, hose guiding system, and soil interaction components.

The proposed machine design aims to improve labor productivity, reduce installation time, and ensure uniform placement of drip irrigation hoses in agricultural fields. The results of the study demonstrate that mechanization of hose installation can significantly enhance irrigation efficiency, reduce operational costs, and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.

This article provides a general description of taxes paid by legal entities. It considers the concept of a legal entity and the main types of taxes imposed on them, including profit tax, value added tax, property and land taxes. The importance of these taxes in the formation of the state budget is also analyzed. In conclusion, the role of legal entity taxes in economic development is substantiated.

This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of modeling soil settlement using the GeoFEM-UZ software. In civil and geotechnical engineering, determining foundation soil deformation is essential to ensure structural stability and safety. The study analyzes vertical and differential settlements using the finite element method. The functional capabilities, computational algorithms, and practical applications of the GeoFEM-UZ software are examined. The results demonstrate that numerical modeling provides higher accuracy compared to traditional analytical calculation methods.

This article studies the technical characteristics of modern perimeter security systems and the effectiveness of their use. The study analyzes the principles of operation of single-position radio-beam detection devices (BRAT) based on the Doppler effect, their advantages in mobile systems, and spatial stability problems. The article also examines the specific characteristics of coaxial cable sensors with a waveline (ChTL) and infrared (IR) sensors, their interference resistance, and installation schemes in various terrain conditions. The technical characteristics of devices such as “LUCh-M”, “ABRIS” and “SIKLOP-30” for detecting an intruder are studied in a comparative manner, and the factors that cause the systems to malfunction (metrological conditions, electromagnetic interference) are identified.

 This paper comparatively examines the means of expressing the tense category in the Uzbek and Korean languages. The category of tense plays an important role in both languages in expressing the time when an action or state occurs. In the Uzbek language, tense is mainly expressed through verb forms (past tense, present tense, and future tense), where morphological means such as affixes and auxiliary words are widely used. In the Korean language, tense markers are expressed through special suffixes attached to verbs and auxiliary constructions. The study analyzes the specific features of tense forms in both languages, their scope of use, grammatical means, and semantic differences. In addition, similarities and differences between the Uzbek and Korean languages are identified, and possible difficulties that may arise in the translation process are also discussed. The results of the research help to gain a deeper understanding of the role of the tense category in linguistics and its importance in expressing meaning in language.

This article examines the theoretical foundations and pedagogical conditions of applying the communicative approach to the development of communicative competence in prospective teachers. Based on an analysis of international and local scientific literature, the study clarifies the essence, structure, and components of communicative competence in teacher education, and substantiates the didactic possibilities of the communicative approach. The paper argues that communicative competence for future teachers is a professionally significant integrative quality that includes linguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, intercultural, and strategic components, as well as personal dispositions such as empathy, tolerance, and reflexivity. Special attention is given to the pedagogical conditions that ensure the effective implementation of the communicative approach in higher pedagogical education: creating a dialogic and learner-centered educational environment, using interactive and practice-oriented teaching methods, integrating digital communication tools, organizing reflective activities, and fostering a culture of professional communication in academic settings. The article proposes a conceptual model of developing communicative competence in prospective teachers on the basis of the communicative approach and identifies criteria and indicators for assessing its formation. The author concludes that the systematic and purposeful use of the communicative approach under scientifically grounded pedagogical conditions significantly enhances the quality of professional training of future teachers and their readiness for effective pedagogical interaction in modern educational contexts.

This article explores the intricate relationship between the structural stability of language and its communicative flexibility by conducting a comprehensive functional-semantic analysis of static units during the process of syntactic derivation. Static units, defined as the abstract, invariant templates within a language system, serve as the primary source for generating meaningful utterances. The central focus of this research is to determine how the inherent semantic potential of these abstract units is activated and modified as they undergo derivation to become functional components of speech. By examining the transition from "langue" to "parole," the study identifies the specific functional roles that static units assume when they are integrated into various syntactic paradigms. The research argues that syntactic derivation is not merely a formal rearrangement of linguistic elements but a semantic evolution where the core meaning of a static unit is enriched by context and communicative intent. Through a detailed analysis of various sentence models, the article demonstrates how the functional value of a unit is constrained by its underlying semantic structure.

This article examines the issues of equivalence in simultaneous interpretation and analyzes the linguistic and cognitive factors that influence the process of achieving equivalence between the source and target languages. Special attention is given to the difficulties interpreters face when conveying meaning, intention, and stylistic features of the original speech under time pressure. The study also discusses the role of translation strategies and transformations used by interpreters to maintain semantic and pragmatic equivalence. The research highlights that equivalence in simultaneous interpretation is not always absolute and often requires flexible decision-making and adaptation to communicative context. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of equivalence in real-time interpreting practice.

 Stem rust of wheat is one of the most dangerous fungal diseases that significantly reduces crop productivity and grain quality in many wheat-growing regions of the world. The disease is mainly caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and develops rapidly under favorable environmental conditions such as high humidity and moderate temperatures. The appearance and spread of stem rust are influenced by several factors including susceptible wheat varieties, climatic conditions, presence of alternative host plants, and insufficient plant protection measures. If not controlled in time, the disease can lead to severe yield losses. Modern plant protection strategies focus on the integrated management of stem rust, where fungicides play an important role in preventing and reducing disease development. Fungicides help protect wheat plants from infection, slow down the spread of the pathogen, and maintain stable yields. This article provides a general overview of the causes of wheat stem rust occurrence, the biological characteristics of the pathogen, and the role of fungicides in controlling the disease. 

This study examines the translation of Alisher Navoi’s ghazal (No. 16) through a comparative analysis of its Russian, English, and Korean versions. The research focuses on the preservation and transformation of key poetic features, including meter (aruz), rhyme, radif, phonetic organization, and stylistic devices. Employing the method of objective analysis and a linguocultural approach, the study evaluates how different translators render both the semantic content and aesthetic value of the original text.

The findings demonstrate that each translation reflects a distinct strategy: some prioritize semantic accuracy, while others emphasize formal and rhythmic equivalence. The analysis reveals that the reproduction of poetic form, particularly elements such as rhythm, sound patterns, and structural organization remains one of the most challenging aspects of ghazal translation. At the same time, the study highlights the importance of considering cultural and pragmatic factors in achieving stylistic adequacy.

Overall, the paper argues that poetic translation is not merely a process of linguistic transfer but a creative interpretative act shaped by the interaction of linguistic, cultural, and aesthetic dimensions. The results contribute to the broader field of translation studies by providing insights into the complexities of translating classical Eastern poetry across different languages and poetic systems.

This scientific article analyzes main problems in teaching foreign languages in modern education. It also focuses on several challenges such as ineffective teaching methods, limited learning resources, insufficient teacher training and low student motivation. In addition, it also offers modern approaches and innovative teaching techniques that can improve the effectiveness and the quality of foreign language teaching.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of artificial intelligence technologies and their socio-psychological and economic impacts. It examines how algorithms influence human activity, cognition, and social interactions in the modern world. Furthermore, the study explores the individual impact of AI, its role in the labor market, information security, and the challenges of adapting to a new digital environment. The paper also discusses the positive aspects of artificial intelligence, alongside strategies for mitigating potential global risks and ensuring the safe utilization of this technology.

The development of speech culture is considered one of the essential components of the educational process in primary education. The formation of students’ ability to express their thoughts clearly, logically, and correctly plays a significant role in their intellectual and personal development. In modern pedagogy, the development of speech culture is closely connected with the formation of value orientations and communicative competence of learners. Therefore, the axiological approach, which focuses on the system of values in education, becomes particularly important.

This article examines the axiological and pedagogical factors influencing the development of speech culture in the primary education process. It analyzes the role of moral values, national cultural traditions, and pedagogical methods in shaping students’ speech competence. Special attention is given to the integration of value-based education and communicative learning strategies in primary school classrooms. The study also highlights the importance of the teacher’s role, the learning environment, and interactive teaching methods in fostering students’ speech culture.

The findings indicate that the effective integration of axiological and pedagogical factors in the educational process contributes significantly to the development of students’ communicative abilities, moral awareness, and cultural identity. The article concludes that the development of speech culture in primary education should be based on a holistic pedagogical approach that combines linguistic knowledge with value-based education.

This article analyzes the effectiveness of teaching children through play in preschool education from a scientific and pedagogical perspective. The role of play activity in children's development and its impact on intellectual, socio-psychological, and speech development are highlighted. In addition, effective methods of forming knowledge, skills, and competencies in children through didactic and role-playing games are discussed. The article substantiates the importance of play-based learning in developing independent thinking, communication, and creativity in children. The research results show that teaching through play is an important tool in increasing the level of school readiness of preschool children.

 The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed traditional approaches to language education. Among these innovations, social media platforms have emerged as influential environments for language learning, offering authentic communication, learner autonomy, and interactive engagement. This article explores the role of social media as a language learning environment by analyzing its pedagogical potential, its impact on language skill development, and its contribution to learner motivation. The study also discusses several challenges associated with the use of social media in education and highlights the importance of pedagogical guidance. The findings suggest that when used appropriately, social media can enhance language learning outcomes and support modern learner-centered educational paradigms.

This research paper investigates how sociolinguistic factors impact on English language learning in Uzbek EFL classrooms. The study focuses on how students’ social background, namely urban and rural differences, socioeconomic status, and cultural identity affect their language learning process. Approaches were outlined according to classroom observation and learners’ participation and performance. The study also includes effective English language teaching methodologies, linguistic instructions and social awareness of sociocultural diversity. Teachers should adopt flexible and inclusive strategies to ensure equal learning opportunities for all students regardless of their background.

Mental activity verbs represent an important lexical-semantic group in linguistics, as they reflect cognitive processes such as thinking, knowing, remembering, understanding, and believing. These verbs play a significant role in expressing intellectual and psychological states of a speaker. The study of mental activity verbs has attracted the attention of linguists from various theoretical perspectives including semantic, cognitive, functional, and psycholinguistic approaches. Within linguistic research, mental verbs are considered as a key component of the lexical system because they reflect how language conceptualizes human thought and knowledge. The semantic nature of these verbs is closely connected with cognitive processes and mental representations that occur in the human mind. Different scholars have analyzed mental verbs from the viewpoint of semantic classification, conceptual modeling, and syntactic behavior. In modern linguistics, mental activity verbs are also studied within the framework of cognitive linguistics where they are interpreted as linguistic manifestations of conceptual structures and mental models. This article analyzes the main theoretical approaches to the study of mental activity verbs in linguistics and highlights their semantic, cognitive, and functional characteristics. The research emphasizes the importance of mental verbs in understanding the interaction between language, thought, and cognition.

We know that cognitive abilities are of great importance for a child to retain all information and learn it perfectly. Cognitive abilities are important for learning and mastering knowledge in mathematics, as well as in other subjects. First, we need to explain what cognitive abilities are, what their characteristics are, and why cognitive abilities are so important in children.

 This article explores the application of creative approaches and innovative technologies in teaching biology. The study analyzes the role of "Biological Cases," problem-based learning, and STEAM technologies in developing students' critical thinking skills and their implementation in the classroom. The article provides practical methods and methodological recommendations for increasing lesson effectiveness by connecting theoretical knowledge with real-life situations.

This article examines the theoretical foundations, practical significance, and effectiveness of using interactive methods in teaching English to students. It highlights how interactive approaches contribute to the development of students’ communicative competence, critical thinking, and active participation in the learning process. The paper also outlines effective strategies for organizing lessons based on modern pedagogical technologies.

The article discusses the pedagogical opportunities of art therapy as an effective means of correcting emotional disorders in children and adolescents within the context of modern education and upbringing. It analyzes the theoretical approaches of the founders and key researchers of art therapy (E. Kramer, M. E. Burno, A. I. Kopytin, E. E. Svistovskaya, M. V. Kiseleva, C. Malchiodi, and others) in their application to pedagogical practice. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of the pedagogical impact of various types of art therapy on the emotional and volitional sphere of students. Using the example of the «Mehrli maktab» hospital school in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the practical experience of applying art therapy to correct emotional disorders in children undergoing long-term treatment is revealed. The author substantiates the conclusion that art therapy acts not only as a method of psychological assistance, but also as a significant pedagogical tool that promotes the harmonization of personal development, successful socialization, and the creation of a psychologically safe educational environment.

This article examines the improvement of primary education based on an integrative approach within the framework of the “Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy. The study substantiates the imtortance of interdisciplinary integration in developing students’ competencie, improving educational quality, and implementing modern pedagogical technologies. The results indicate that the integrative approach serves as an effective methodological tool for achieving strategic educational goals.

The article examines the therapeutic potential of literary texts in Russian language lessons in a hospital school environment. It is shown that the imagery and emotional richness of literary texts can serve as a means of psychological support and personal development for children undergoing long-term medical treatment.

This article sheds light on the pedagogical and psychological essence of the concept of professional communication competence from a scientific and theoretical perspective. The role of effective communication in the process of professional activity in personal development, professional adaptation and professional success is revealed. The structural structure of professional communication competence, its formation factors and pedagogical possibilities of its development in an innovative educational environment are also analyzed.

This article analyzes the problem of preparing future teachers for educational activity within a corporate framework from a pedagogical perspective. In the modern education system, not only the professional competence of a teacher but also the ability to effectively organize educational (upbringing) activities is of great importance. The study highlights the theoretical foundations, content, and significance of preparing teachers in a corporate environment and reveals the role of this process in the system of pedagogical education. In addition, the pedagogical conditions and factors for developing competencies related to the implementation of educational activities in future teachers are examined.

This article examines the issues of speech preparation of children with cochlear implants for school education within the framework of the development of inclusive education in Uzbekistan. It also analyzes the characteristics of speech development in children with hearing impairments, the pedagogical conditions for their integration into the educational process, and the importance of modern correctional and pedagogical technologies. The article reveals the content of pedagogical work with children with cochlear implants based on the priority tasks for the development of inclusive education defined in the Action Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2017–2021) and the Development Strategy of the New Uzbekistan (2022–2026).

This article examines the history, rules, and characteristics of basketball and its two widely popular variants — mini-basketball and streetball (3x3). A comparative analysis of each discipline is provided, including their impact on the physical and psychological development of participants, as well as the prospects for the advancement of these sports in Uzbekistan.

This work provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the essence of inclusive education and its role in the development of oral speech in children with special educational needs. The psychological mechanisms and pedagogical methods of speech formation are examined within the context of an inclusive environment, substantiating the correctional importance of interaction with healthy peers. Furthermore, the article highlights the priority areas for the development of inclusive education under the «Uzbekistan - 2030» strategy, legal and institutional support mechanisms for students, and the impact of tutoring services on the quality of education.

Implicit meaning and presupposition are fundamental mechanisms that shape how meaning is constructed and interpreted in discourse. Rather than relying solely on explicitly stated information, speakers frequently communicate indirectly by depending on shared knowledge, contextual inference, and pragmatic principles. This article examines the linguistic mechanisms that generate implicit meaning and presupposition in discourse. Particular attention is given to the theoretical contributions of prominent scholars who have extensively investigated these phenomena, including H. P. Grice, Stephen C. Levinson, George Yule, Robert Stalnaker, Dan Sperber, and Deirdre Wilson. The study reviews major theories in pragmatics and discourse analysis and analyzes the role of presupposition triggers, conversational implicatures, contextual inference, and common ground in the interpretation of discourse. The findings show that implicit meaning and presupposition function as essential tools for efficient communication and play a crucial role in discourse coherence and interpretation.

This article deeply analyzes modern technologies and methodologies aimed at developing gross and fine motor skills in preschool children with delayed psychological development (DSPD). The study explores the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of DSPD, including the specific features of their motor development. The article thoroughly covers approaches such as using physical exercises, active games, and sports elements for improving gross motor skills, as well as finger games, sensory tools for developing fine motor skills. The importance of collaboration between families and specialists in evaluating the effectiveness of developmental technologies, as well as the role of person-centered and integrated approaches, is emphasized. The article concludes with practical recommendations and directions for future research.

This article examines the role of creative approaches in developing independent thinking skills among primary school students during mother tongue lessons. In modern education, it is essential to create learning environments that encourage students to think independently, express their ideas freely, and engage actively in the learning process. The study focuses on the pedagogical effectiveness of creative teaching strategies, such as problem-based learning, brainstorming, role-playing activities, and text-based creative tasks. The research findings indicate that lessons organized through creative methodologies significantly increase students’ cognitive engagement, improve their speech activity, and enhance their ability to analyze information independently. Furthermore, creative approaches contribute to the development of imagination, critical thinking, and decision-making abilities. As a result, integrating innovative teaching methods into primary school language education can positively influence students’ intellectual and communicative development.

This article deeply analyzes modern technologies and methodologies aimed at developing gross and fine motor skills in preschool children with delayed psychological development (DSPD). The study explores the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of DSPD, including the specific features of their motor development. The article thoroughly covers approaches such as using physical exercises, active games, and sports elements for improving gross motor skills, as well as finger games, sensory tools for developing fine motor skills. The importance of collaboration between families and specialists in evaluating the effectiveness of developmental technologies, as well as the role of person-centered and integrated approaches, is emphasized. The article concludes with practical recommendations and directions for future research.