This article explores the significant contributions of Alisher Navoi to the development of the Uzbek language, particularly focusing on his influence on modern Uzbek linguistics. It examines Navoi's role in the standardization of the Chagatai language, the precursor to contemporary Uzbek, and how his works enriched the language’s vocabulary and structure. The article discusses Navoi's impact on lexical enrichment, phonetics, morphology, and the evolution of syntactical structures, highlighting his lasting legacy in both the literary and linguistic fields. Moreover, it analyzes the stylistic and linguistic elements of his writings, offering insights into the transformation of Uzbek from a regional dialect to a refined literary language. Finally, the article addresses the continuing relevance of Navoi’s works in contemporary Uzbek linguistic education and their importance in the study of comparative linguistics. Through his monumental contributions, Alisher Navoi remains a central figure in both the cultural and linguistic development of Uzbekistan.

This paper delves into the role of proper nouns in phraseological units (idioms), metaphors, and expressions, analyzing how these elements transcend their basic reference function and evoke deep cultural, historical, and symbolic connotations. By focusing on examples from English, Russian, and Uzbek, the study illustrates how personal names embedded in idioms not only represent individuals but also convey broader societal meanings, collective memories, and values. The research underscores how proper nouns in idiomatic expressions act as powerful symbols, cultural markers, and conveyors of moral messages, offering insights into the intersection of language, culture, and collective memory.

The article under consideration underscores the significance of innovative pedagogical technologies within the contemporary educational framework. The objectives and tasks of innovative pedagogical practices are delineated, and a range of methods and techniques employed by innovative technologies are identified as the most efficacious in the context of Russian language instruction. Additionally, the significance of a personality-oriented approach in teaching is underscored.

This article explores the vital role of microeconomic analysis in enhancing economic efficiency through a deep understanding of market equilibrium. It examines how the interaction between supply and demand determines price and quantity in markets and how equilibrium leads to optimal resource allocation. The paper highlights key microeconomic tools, including demand and supply models, elasticity, and behavioral analysis of consumers and producers, to explain how market imbalances can be identified and corrected. By combining theoretical insights with practical applications across different sectors, the study emphasizes the importance of microeconomic frameworks in shaping effective economic policies and achieving sustainable growth.

This article investigates the conceptual and practical alignment between Takaful—the Islamic cooperative insurance model—and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) principles. Through a comparative qualitative analysis of regulatory frameworks, policy documents, and benchmark cases from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom, the study explores how Shariah-based Takaful mechanisms embody ESG-aligned ethics. Findings suggest that Takaful offers intrinsic safeguards against ESG-washing by embedding accountability, transparency, and social responsibility within its legal and spiritual structure. The paper also maps potential pathways for integrating ESG principles into Uzbekistan’s evolving Islamic finance landscape. It concludes by recommending regulatory alignment, digitalization, and targeted human capital development as prerequisites for ESG-compliant Takaful. The article contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable Islamic finance by providing a Shariah-anchored framework for ESG convergence.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of the innovative environment in industrial enterprises, and the main systemic problems in its development are considered. What kind of environment should be created in industrial enterprises for the effective implementation of innovative processes, existing obstacles and important ways to overcome them are analyzed. The importance of a systemic approach to increasing the innovative capacity of industrial enterprises in changing economic conditions is also emphasized. The article identifies problems in stimulating innovation and introducing advanced technologies and gives recommendations for their solution.

The article discusses in detail the traditional and innovative methods and approaches to teaching Russian as a foreign language. It examines the main methods used in the process of teaching Russian and their effectiveness in modern educational conditions.

This article discusses the current development of the digital economy in Uzbekistan, focusing on government strategies, e-commerce, digital banking, education, and challenges like digital inequality. The paper emphasizes the role of public and private sectors in building digital infrastructure and highlights the need for further improvements to reach full digital inclusion.

Connotative nomination refers to the process by which names or labels are assigned based on emotional, cultural, or social associations rather than their literal meaning. This article explores how connotative nomination is applied in the formation of nicknames, analyzing the social, psychological, and cultural factors that influence the naming process. By understanding the deeper meanings behind nicknames, we can gain insight into the ways in which personal identities, group dynamics, and linguistic creativity intersect.

The article discusses the reflection of national values in Uzbek cinematography. Specifically, it addresses the representation of national values in our films and the moral and educational significance of these films.

Pedagogical innovations in the international community open up wide opportunities for humanity in global educational processes. This article explores the significance of interactive methods in foreign language teaching, emphasizing their effectivleness in enhancing learner engagement, motivation, and communicative competence. It examines various interactive techniques, including collaborative learning, role-playing, and technology integration, and discusses their implications for language acquisition. The findings suggest that employing interactive methods can lead to improved language proficiency and a more enjoyable learning experience.

This article examines the fact that in modern Uzbek cinema there is a certain consistency in creating the character of heroes and characters. It is analyzed that the characters on the screen have such characteristics and features that they embody the worldview, spiritual world and national consciousness typical of the Uzbek people, and have a national character.

Simultaneous translation interpreting (STI) has evolved as a critical component in the field of translation, particularly in contexts such as international conferences, diplomacy, and multilingual media broadcasts. This paper examines the development of STI, from its origins in the mid-20th century to its current state, highlighting technological advancements, training methodologies, and professional practices. The study explores how STI has been integrated into translation studies, focusing on the theoretical and practical challenges it presents, such as cognitive load, language transfer, and the balance between accuracy and fluidity. Additionally, the paper addresses the role of STI in the broader context of translation theories, especially those that prioritize communication over direct equivalence, and considers the growing need for interpreters with specialized skills in handling real-time translation in an increasingly globalized world. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of continued research and adaptation in both the pedagogical and technological domains to enhance the efficacy and accessibility of STI in diverse settings.

This article supports the concept of transformative education, which is considered a process that encourages raising consciousness, critical thinking, personal development, and individualization. Through this, art and culture also impact a person’s spiritual life by fostering aspirations toward higher goals, promoting goodness, and enhancing feelings of kindness and compassion towards others.

This review article presents information on biologically active substances: pheromones and phytoncides, in the context of the prospects for their joint integration into modern agriculture as a pest control. The most widespread methods of pest control in agriculture today have an extremely negative impact on the environment, in this regard, there is a need to consider more environmentally friendly methods.

This article analyzes the technical skills of the conductor in managing the Auftakt, the initial downbeat of a musical composition. Auftakt plays a crucial role in guiding the orchestra to start the performance on time and in the correct manner. The study focuses on the conductor's hand movements, rhythmic precision, tempo control, and dynamic management, all of which are essential for delivering a precise and effective Auftakt. Additionally, the article explores how a conductor's expertise and thought process contribute to providing clear and timely instructions to the orchestra. This work aims to explore the methods and technical abilities of conductors, advancing their approach to controlling the Auftakt and enhancing their overall musical leadership.

The development of professional competence in students is a fundamental objective for educational institutions worldwide. A structured system of exercises plays a crucial role in enhancing various aspects of this competence, including technical, cognitive, and emotional skills. This article explores the design and implementation of a system of exercises aimed at fostering professional competence among students. It discusses the different types of exercises that can be utilized to improve students’ critical thinking, communication, problem-solving abilities, and adaptability. Through experiential learning, case studies, group projects, and simulations, this system provides students with practical opportunities to apply theoretical knowledge. The study also emphasizes the importance of regular feedback and self-assessment in the learning process. The paper presents a model of exercises that integrates soft skills development with discipline-specific knowledge, contributing to students’ overall professional growth and preparedness for the workforce.

This scientific article discusses the requirements and recommendations for musical theatre actors, as well as the achievements made in this field and the issues that need to be addressed in the future.

In the process of modern education, it is important to form the technological knowledge of students and prepare them for future professions. In particular, Steam (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) is one of the most effective ways to achieve these goals. Integrating the robotics of robotechnics in technological classes will serve to develop technical thinking, formulate the ability to solve problems, and improve collective operation skills. In the Primary Education, in the primary education, the methods of teaching robotechnicals based on Steam on technological classes will be covered in technological classes.

The article deals with teaching English for business communication in a high institutions. The result of the work of specialists in this field became the creation of a holistic idea of   the boundaries of the English language of business communication, its functional varieties and the developing of a step-by-step methodology for teaching it.

The process of career choice in secondary school students is influenced by a variety of psychological factors that shape their decision-making and future professional paths. These factors include personal interests, self-esteem, cognitive development, social influence, and parental expectations. Adolescence, marked by significant emotional and psychological changes, plays a crucial role in shaping the individual’s career preferences and aspirations. This article explores the key psychological determinants that impact career decision-making in secondary school students, focusing on the interplay between internal factors such as personality traits and external factors such as societal expectations. By understanding these psychological influences, educators and counselors can better guide students in making informed and fulfilling career choices.

This article explores the importance of listening comprehension in learning English and how it affects language learning, cognitive growth, and cultural awareness. Like speaking, writing, and reading, listening is a complicated skill that is best honed via constant practice. The foundation of effective communication and a prosperous professional career is the ability to listen. The capacity to absorb and adjust to new information, knowledge, and abilities is improved by effective listening skills. Understanding what is being said is only one aspect of listening comprehension. It involves matching speech to background information, or what the audience is already aware of regarding the topic.

This article explores the improvement of methodology aimed at developing students' analytical skills through problem-based situations. It highlights the importance of equipping students with critical thinking and problem-solving abilities in the context of modern education. The paper analyzes effective strategies for integrating problem-based learning (PBL) into English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classrooms and provides practical recommendations for teachers. Through the use of real-life scenarios and case studies, the article demonstrates how PBL fosters deeper understanding, independent thinking, and analytical reasoning among students.

This paper explores various methodologies in the teaching of English, with a focus on contemporary and traditional approaches. It aims to provide educators with insights into effective practices and evolving trends in English Language Teaching (ELT). By reviewing existing literature and analyzing practical outcomes, the study evaluates the effectiveness of methods such as the Grammar-Translation Method, the Direct Method, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), and Task-Based Learning (TBL). The results suggest a shift toward learner-centered methodologies that emphasize communication and interaction.

We should consider teaching a foreign language based on authentic  materials as a simple solution to the tasks of fulfilling the above requirements and preparing the learner for real-life situations as the main means of communicative language education. In addition, authentic reading  materials help in language teaching as an alternative representation of a real-life situation.In this article we have analyzed most important features of auhtentic materilas which based  on architecture and civil engineering field.

This article explores the contemporary motives behind personal naming practices in English-speaking countries, with a focus on sociolinguistic, cultural, psychological, and media-driven factors. Modern naming trends increasingly reflect global influences, individual identity, popular culture, and socio-political changes. The study analyzes how parents choose names based on uniqueness, cultural heritage, celebrity impact, and phonetic preferences. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, the article highlights the shift from traditional naming conventions to more personalized and diversified patterns. This research contributes to onomastic studies by providing insight into the evolving dynamics of name-giving in a globalized context.

The development of regional innovation infrastructure is a key component in enhancing the competitiveness of national economies and ensuring sustainable growth. This article explores the methodological foundations and models used to assess the socio-economic efficiency of innovation infrastructure at the regional level. Drawing upon international practices and the context of Uzbekistan, the article proposes an integrated approach for evaluating efficiency based on quantitative and qualitative indicators.

This article discusses the importance and methods of developing critical thinking skills in primary school students. Critical thinking helps children develop a culture of problem solving, independent thinking, and communication. The article focuses on asking problematic questions, organizing debates and discussions, creative tasks, and the role of the teacher. Teachers are recommended to use various innovative methods to develop critical thinking. This article can also be useful as a methodological guide for educators.

This article is about the history, performance style, and professional characteristics of the Uzbek traditional puppet theater.

This article analyzes the stages of development of acting and special schools in the Uzbek puppet theater. It also shows the physical and spiritual preparation of actors, their attitude to the profession, and their importance for the future of the theater.

This article delves into the linguocultural features of gastronomic metaphors in the English and Karakalpak languages, focusing on their usage in artistic texts from the 21st century. Gastronomic metaphors, as expressions of culinary terms that transcend their literal meanings, provide insight into cultural values, worldviews, and societal norms. The study examines how gastronomic metaphors are employed in both languages and explores their linguistic and cultural significance. Through the analysis of various literary texts, the paper highlights the similarities and differences in metaphorical usage and their role in shaping cultural identity. The research contributes to the understanding of the intersection between language, culture, and the world of gastronomy.

Pronunciation plays an important role in oral communication, but it is one of the most challenging aspects of second language learning, especially for adult ESL (English as a Second Language) learners. Effective feedback mechanisms can help learners develop accurate pronunciation and intelligible speaking skills. This article reviews various feedback strategies that can help improve pronunciation, including precision correction, recasting, meta-linguistic feedback, and self-monitoring techniques. It also discusses the use of speech recognition software and artificial intelligence-based pronunciation apps that provide real-time, personalized correction.

       The results of the study show that the combination of the lecturer is significantly increases the phonetic accuracy of students. This article emphasizes how important it is when they provide practical recommendations for language teachers, especially the timely, timely and constructive focusing on developing pronunciation.

This article explores the impact of financial technologies (FinTech) on the economy, the traditional banking system, and financial services. It discussed the role of FinTech in the global economic system, its main directions, development trends, and future opportunities. Additionally, existing challenges in the  sector and their solutions, investment opportunities, and suggestions for improving effeciency in financial technologies are presented.

This scientific article explores the current state of women's participation in the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, the challenges they face, and strategies for overcoming these barriers. The study analyzes existing scientific literature, statistical data, international experiences, and practical initiatives. It identifies factors hindering women’s entry into these fields—such as gender stereotypes, educational disparities, labor market inequalities, and the lack of supportive systems. Additionally, strategic measures are proposed to increase female engagement, including ensuring gender equality in education, launching mentorship programs, promoting women-led research, and highlighting successful female role models. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to ensure inclusivity in AI and robotics.

A study was conducted on negative relationships between children and their parents in Uzbek families and their psychological consequences. Several methods and techniques are proposed to prevent these relationships or provide effective solutions to them. The main goal of the article is to positively resolve conflicts and problems in the family and offer new solutions. The elimination of problems is studied with a creative approach to family disagreements. In addition, the psychological consequences of any problems are analyzed in depth

This study investigates the effectiveness of interactive training systems in developing professional competences among university students. Through a mixed-methods approach involving 245 participants across different disciplines, we analyzed how various interactive learning technologies impact skill acquisition, professional identity formation, and workplace readiness. Results demonstrate significant improvements in technical proficiency, problem-solving abilities, and soft skills among students exposed to comprehensive interactive training programs. The findings suggest that strategic implementation of interactive systems, when aligned with industry requirements and pedagogical best practices, substantially enhances students' professional development and employability prospects.

This article discusses the concept of psychological climate in educational teams, its impact on effective pedagogical activity, and the important factors in its formation. The author analyzes the conditions necessary for creating a healthy psychological environment in educational institutions, leadership approaches, interpersonal relationships among teachers, and motivation methods.

This article analyzes the literary influences and stylistic features in Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's "Baburnama." The research identifies the work's genre characteristics, artistic language devices, content and formal uniqueness, as well as its influence on Eastern and Western literature. The analysis confirms that the work is not only of historical value but also represents a masterpiece of literary and artistic merit.

In this article, the issue of notating examples of Uzbek folk music heritage and works of Uzbek composers using Uzbek national melisms on modern notes is put forward. It envisages the use of the works of Uzbek composers kept in the phonoarchive of Radio Uzbekistan and the performances of folklore groups in the regions related to the heritage of folk music, as well as the publication of works taken on notes in the form of an audiovisual collection.

This article explores the pedagogical aspects of family upbringing in the context of globalization. It examines issues such as enhancing parents’ pedagogical knowledge and skills, preserving national values, and preparing children for social life.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has gained significant attention in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. By integrating the learning of content subjects, such as science, history, or mathematics, with the acquisition of a foreign language, CLIL provides learners with a holistic approach that enhances both language proficiency and subject knowledge. This article explores the theoretical framework of CLIL, its implementation in EFL contexts, and its benefits for learners in terms of cognitive development, language acquisition, and academic performance. Furthermore, the challenges and limitations of integrating content and language in EFL classrooms are discussed, along with recommendations for effective CLIL implementation.

This paper explores the use of authentic materials—texts, audio, and video—in enhancing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. Authentic materials, defined as content originally created for native speakers, are often hailed for their potential to offer realistic language exposure and cultural insights. However, their integration into EFL classrooms raises both benefits and challenges. This article examines the advantages of using authentic materials in terms of linguistic skills development, motivation, and cultural understanding, while also addressing the challenges that teachers and learners face when employing such materials. Finally, recommendations for effective implementation are provided.

This article explores the fundamental principles and operational methods of Islamic banking, which functions in accordance with Sharia law by prohibiting interest (riba) and emphasizing ethical, interest-free financial practices. It discusses the reliance on primary Islamic sources—the Quran and Hadith—for guidance in banking operations and outlines key financial instruments used by Islamic banks, such as mudarabah, musharakah, murabaha, ijara, rahn, and bai al-dayn.

This article will consider modern hardware and software for water level control, which is one of the most pressing problems in agriculture. The hardware and software complex offered in this work differs from other water table management systems in a number of advantages. The automatic water level monitoring system proposed in this study is versatile and easy to use. The hardware and software system in question can be used in monitoring processes of various sectors of the economy.

The sensitive poet of Uzbek literature, Rauf Parfi, is considered a significant phenomenon both in terms of form and content in his time. The new poetic genres introduced by Rauf Parfi in Uzbek literature from the 1960s to the 1980s have distinctive features. Possessing profound literary potential, the poet reveals his uniqueness by artistically synthesizing Eastern and Western literary traditions. The entry of Turkish poetry into 20th-century Uzbek literature is associated with Rauf Parfi. He was awarded the Mahmud Kashgari literary prize in Turkey. Parfi established strong ties with contemporary Turkish poets and translated their works. He transleted Nazım Hikmet’s epic “Mamlakatimdan inson manzaralari” and poems by poets like Behçet Necatigil and Orhan Veli to Uzbek readers. He also acknowledged Tevfik Fikret, a leading poet of the Servet-i Fünun period in Turkey, as his mentor and noted that he enjoyed reading his works. These literary translations contributed to strengthening cultural ties and expanding ideological influence. This article discusses such literary interactions.

This paper explores students’ perceptions of the most and least motivating teaching strategies in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes. Drawing on learner-centered principles, it identifies task-based learning, use of authentic materials, and technology-enhanced instruction as highly motivating strategies. In contrast, traditional, lecture-based approaches and irrelevant materials are viewed as demotivating. The paper emphasizes the importance of aligning instruction with students' professional goals, providing meaningful feedback, and fostering interactive classroom environments. Understanding learners’ views enables educators to tailor ESP instruction more effectively, enhance motivation, and support learners' academic and career success in specialized fields.

Creative writing in German language classes is a powerful tool that enhances linguistic competence, cultural awareness, critical thinking, and motivation. Unlike rote learning methods, creative writing allows learners to engage with the language on a personal level, apply grammar and vocabulary contextually, and explore cultural narratives. It also reduces anxiety and fosters a supportive learning environment. By promoting expression, empathy, and intercultural understanding, creative writing plays a central role in modern language pedagogy. Teachers can implement various strategies and adapt tasks to all proficiency levels, making it an inclusive and effective educational approach.

Needs analysis is a fundamental step in the design of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses, ensuring that instruction aligns with learners’ academic, professional, and occupational language requirements. This paper explores the critical role of needs analysis in shaping ESP curricula, teaching strategies, and assessment practices. By gathering data from learners and relevant stakeholders, educators can identify linguistic gaps, tailor authentic materials, and promote learner motivation. Although challenges such as time constraints and mixed-proficiency groups exist, needs analysis remains an essential tool for creating relevant, goal-oriented ESP instruction that enhances communicative competence in real-world contexts.

Many multi-storey residential buildings​ design years during noticeable to changes face it came , this technology achievements , marriage style change and stability about of worries increase with depends . World population in urbanization continue enough because , high dense , effective and ecological clean to buildings demand no when current not been . This article many multi-storey in residential buildings architectural design the complexities learns , form , function and stability between complicated relationships learns .

In second language (L2) acquisition, the integration of listening with other language skills—speaking, reading, and writing—has gained increasing attention in recent years. This integrated approach is based on the understanding that language skills do not function in isolation but interact dynamically during real-life communication. This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of integrating listening with speaking, reading, and writing in the English language classroom. It examines the cognitive, pedagogical, and linguistic benefits of such an approach and provides recommendations for teachers on how to effectively incorporate integrated language activities to enhance students’ overall language proficiency.

 In the rapidly evolving global landscape, second language acquisition (SLA) and language education are experiencing a paradigm shift driven by technological innovation, cognitive science, and inclusive pedagogies. This paper explores the most significant contemporary trends impacting language learning, including technology-enhanced and mobile-assisted learning, learner-centered and communicative methodologies, and the integration of cognitive neuroscience insights. The increasing role of multilingualism, translanguaging, and culturally responsive teaching is also examined, highlighting their importance in diverse educational settings. Furthermore, the paper discusses how data-driven instruction and blended learning models are reshaping the teaching and learning experience. These trends collectively point toward a more personalized, inclusive, and effective approach to second language education, preparing learners for active participation in a globalized, multicultural world.

The state discusses the fact that microorganisms are one of the most important and widespread representatives of their nature and that they are of great importance not only in the processes of decomposition, but also in the muscular, medical, ecological and food spheres. In recent years, special attention in science and practice has been attracted by pigment-producing microorganisms, antioxidant and antibacterial pigments have the potential for wide application in pharmaceuticals.

This article covers the content of the discipline of art pedagogy, its main tasks, and the scientific and methodological foundations of individual work with students in art education. Also, modern methods used in art pedagogy, the advantages of an individual approach, and issues of psychological support are analyzed.

Business analysis is a cornerstone of informed decision-making, enabling businesses to evaluate performance, optimize resources, and forecast future trends. Beyond traditional approaches like horizontal and vertical financial statement analysis, special methods of economic analysis offer deeper insights into complex economic processes and uncover hidden patterns. This article explores key special methods, their features, and practical applications.

This article aims to inform readers what is culture and it explores the word culture as a central element of human life, examining its definition, components and impact on humans and their identity. It examines how culture is expressed through language, food, clothing and beliefs.

This article scientifically covers the role and significance of digital design tools in the system of technical education, the possibilities of improving the quality of education by integrating them into the educational process. In particular, on the basis of statistical data, the effectiveness of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) technologies in the development of students' technical thinking, strengthening their ability to find solutions in problem situations and the formation of practical skills are analyzed. The experience of foreign countries, the reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan and the role of modern digital educational tools in technical and vocational education are analyzed. The article is enriched with methodological and strategic proposals for the development of digital-based education.

This article discusses the origins, melodies, and deep historical musical culture of the Karakalpak people's national and folk songs, as well as their origins and unique characteristics.

The relevance of the article is associated with the priority of education at the present stage of education development, its leading role in the formation of a citizen capable of innovatively transforming himself and society, responsible for preserving the natural and cultural wealth of the Motherland; the fragmentary use of the educational potential of the historical-cultural heritage, which contains cultural-historical memory, spiritual-moral values, traditions, moral and environmental requirements. The purpose of the article: to develop and substantiate the technology of educating students on the basis of historical and cultural heritage in the context of the ideas and rules of an integrated approach, cultural and personal-activity educational paradigms. The article discusses the main theoretical and methodological provisions of the study, the specific features of the integrated approach as the basis for educating students on the basis of historical and cultural heritage;  The developed integrated-differential mechanism for educating students on the basis of cultural heritage is presented; The features and structure of the holistic cultural-educational technology are considered, which ensures the formation of knowledge, value relations, experience of responsible creative and constructive activity in the preservation of heritage objects. The specific features of the developed technology are considered. The materials of the article are of practical importance for educational organizations, teachers of additional educational institutions and students of pedagogical universities.

This article analyzes the socio-economic history of the Chagatai tribe, land relations and tax system during the Mongol period.  After the death of Genghis Khan, the role of Mahmud Yalavoch in Movarunnahr, the introduction of new forms of taxation (for example, "kalon", "kopchur", "tamg'a") and land reforms are shown.  The Mongols' policy of tax collection and land management, and the plight of artisans and peasants, are discussed.  Also discussed is the decline in trade and the derailment of money circulation.  The article contains important information about the socio-economic system of the Mongol period.

This article covers the topic "Inflammatory markers and their diagnostic significance in acute inflammation". The article analyzes in detail the physiological basis of inflammatory processes, clinical manifestations of acute inflammation and the role of diagnostic markers. In particular, information is provided about inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, pentraxin 3 and serum amyloid A. These markers are important in determining the intensity, cause and prognosis of inflammation. The article highlights the clinical significance of these markers in the effective management and treatment of inflammatory processes.

This study explores how the use of diplomatic terminology enhances communicative competence in English, particularly in professional and international contexts. Emphasis is placed on the role of diplomatic language in improving learners’ pragmatic awareness, negotiation skills, and cross-cultural communication. The paper discusses teaching strategies for incorporating diplomatic terms into English language instruction and evaluates learner responses and performance in diplomatic simulations.

This article comprehensively studies laminitis disease in cows, analyzing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, modern treatment approaches, and preventive measures. Within the scope of veterinary microbiology, mycology, virology, and immunology, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease are also highlighted.

Just like domestic markets, international markets also require segmentation. International market segmentation is the process of dividing foreign markets into distinct groups of buyers (countries) based on specific characteristics. This article discusses the features and the necessity of certain criteria and principles used in segmentation, which are applied when selecting the appropriate target segment.

This article analyzes the unique characteristics of botanical terminology in the Uzbek language. The botanical terminology, enriched with specific linguistic and scientific foundations, plays a significant role in linguistics, especially in the fields of natural science and biology. The article discusses the development of botanical terminology in Uzbek, its structural characteristics, lexical-semantic changes, and linguistic features. Additionally, the article examines how these terms reflect modern changes and their importance in linguistics.

Motivation plays a crucial role in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) as it significantly influences learners’ engagement, persistence, and ultimate success in mastering a foreign language. For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, motivation not only drives their willingness to engage with the language but also determines the strategies they employ, the goals they set, and the outcomes they achieve. This article examines the various motivational theories and their application to SLA, explores the different types of motivation in the EFL context, and presents evidence-based insights into how motivation affects language learning. By analyzing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, integrative and instrumental motivation, and the role of self-determination, this article emphasizes how EFL educators can harness motivation to enhance language learning outcomes.

The integration of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in history courses offers new opportunities and challenges for developing students’ writing skills in English. History, as a content-rich and interpretation-driven subject, requires learners to engage in sophisticated academic writing that combines factual accuracy, critical thinking, and structured argumentation. This paper explores effective pedagogical strategies for teaching writing in CLIL-based history courses, focusing on the development of genre awareness, scaffolding techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Drawing on recent research in language and content integration, the study emphasizes how well-designed instructional practices can enhance both historical understanding and academic literacy among EFL students.

Honoré de Balzac, a prominent figure in French literature, was born in Tours, into a not very wealthy family of a civil servant, descended from a peasant family. He could not fully realize his ambitious plan, but the 95 novels written for the "Comedy of Humanity" reveal the true face of French society at that time, which Balzac himself called "the great comedy of our century" or "the devil's comedy". In addition to the 95 novels united under the title "Comedy of Humanity", Balzac created dozens of works, five plays, critical articles and a collection of short stories "Ominous Stories". Among these works is the work "The Prayer of an Atheist". This article contains information about the forms of appeal to women in the work "The Prayer of an Atheist".

This article explores international practices in promoting sustainable economic development through the implementation of resource-saving management systems. It delves into the theoretical foundations of sustainability, the practical implications of rational resource usage, and the comparative strategies employed by developed and developing nations in integrating eco-efficiency with economic growth. Emphasis is placed on policy mechanisms, technological innovations, institutional reforms, and market-based instruments that have proven effective in fostering a green economy. Through a detailed case-study-based approach, the article illustrates how countries such as Germany, Japan, Sweden, and South Korea have successfully transitioned toward sustainable development while maintaining economic competitiveness.

The subject of the study is a relatively new instrument of financial market – cryptocurrency.

The article uses methods of comparative analysis and logical research, which allowed us to evaluate the characteristics of cryptocurrencies and the mechanisms for their regulation.

The article examines controversial issues of the essence of cryptocurrency. In the scientific and practical environment, cryptocurrencies are considered as digital currencies, electronic means of payment, new forms of electronic money, “new money” and sometimes even as a mirage. An assessment is given of the current state of cryptocurrencies in various aspects (structure, user community, gender and age characteristics of users, use of device type and browser). An assessment is made of the mechanism for regulating cryptocurrencies in different countries - as those recognizing this instrument and asset.but regulating it, and rejecting it and tolerating it, but not having a normative basis for its use.

It is obvious that cryptocurrency is a relatively new financial market instrument, but its value does not depend on the amount of labor invested, as is traditionally typical for ordinary goods and services. An assessment of the cryptocurrency structure showed that bitcoin is still its most common type, although Ethereum is also increasing its volumes. Bitcoin users are mostly men aged 24 to 44. An important and significant aspect of cryptocurrency functioning is their regulation. Cryptocurrency has official status (as a product, financial asset, means of payment or other instrument) in forty countries. Venezuela became the first country to launch its own cryptocurrency, petro, a distinctive feature of which is its real backing. In the future, it seems certain that cryptocurrencies will be regulated internationally, with an emphasis on preventing the use of digital assets for money laundering and illegal financial transactions.

This article explores the significance of authentic materials in enhancing listening competence. The use of authentic materials is essential in enhancing listening abilities, particularly in language learning and communication skills development. Authentic materials refer to resources created for real-life communication rather than for educational purposes, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, films, and conversations. These materials offer learners exposure to natural language, diverse accents, colloquial expressions, and contextual usage that are often absent in traditional learning materials. By engaging with authentic materials, learners not only improve their listening comprehension but also gain insights into cultural nuances and practical language usage. This approach fosters a more immersive learning experience, enabling learners to adapt to varied speaking styles and contexts they are likely to encounter in real-world situations.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of using interactive methods in teaching biology on improving the quality of education and on the personal development of students. These methods encourage students not only to actively participate in the lesson, but also to test their knowledge in practice. This approach develops creative and critical thinking in students, increasing their skills in effective cooperation and teamwork. Interactive methods also form students' independent thinking, decision-making and communication skills, which greatly contributes to their personal development. The article also provides detailed information on various forms of interactive methods and how they can be effectively used in biology lessons.

The image of an intellectual in modern Uzbek stories is one of the important topics of modern literature. Within the framework of this topic, the authors highlight the social role of the intelligentsia in Uzbek society, its conflicts with moral values ​​and its personal choice. In the stories, an intellectual is often depicted as a symbol of spiritual quests, changes in society and the desire to find one’s place. The study analyzes artistic interpretations of the image of an intellectual in modern Uzbek stories, examines its psychological depth, socio-cultural context and literary styles. The main attention will be paid to the works of such authors as Alisher Bakhodir, Zulfiya Kurolboy kyzy and Ulugbek Khamdam. The study is designed to identify the unique place of the image of an intellectual in Uzbek literature and reveal its reflection in modern society.

This paper discusses blended learning as a widely adopted instructional approach in higher education, particularly for initial and continuing education. Despite its global relevance, there is limited implementation between different international regions, particularly involving developing countries. The focus is on exploring blended learning courses for international teacher professional development. The paper outlines theoretical and operational principles based on a socio-constructivist approach, presenting a blended design within an international project. It emphasizes the potential for global collaboration and cooperative growth in blended learning environments.

            This article examines the issues of signatures on documents and their examination. A signature is an important means of identification, and its authenticity is of great legal and economic importance. Detailed information is provided on the methods of analyzing signatures in the framework of document science and forensic examination, their accuracy and cases of forgery. The research analyzes the examination methods, technological tools, and modern digital signature systems used.

            This article analyzes the leading scholars who contributed to the development of the section of syntax in Uzbek linguistics and their scientific heritage. Syntax plays an important role in the study of the grammatical structure of the Uzbek language. This study provides information about Uzbek linguists who have covered issues of syntax, their research areas, and their main scientific works.

The article discusses society, ideology, ideological immunity, the unification of our people around the idea of "Human interest above all else", ensuring complete freedom of citizens in our society today, the reforms being implemented, the formation of ideological immunity in the younger generation, the mature political consciousness of citizens, and national and universal values.

The article analyzes the spiritual and moral qualities of leaders and specialists of professional educational institutions on the basis of scientifically and theoretically clear proposals, recommendations and conclusions. The pedagogical methods of the management skills of leaders of professional educational institutions and the skills of pedagogical staff in the teaching process, pedagogical ethics, and spiritual qualities are substantiated.

The article discusses the stages and principles of constructing parallel text corpora used in linguistic research and educational applications. It outlines the key stages in corpus creation: from selecting representative texts in the source language to aligning them with translations in other languages and implementing multi-level annotation. Criteria ensuring the representativeness and target orientation of the corpora are described, including genre diversity, types of linguistic data, and machine-processability. Special attention is given to characteristics that define the functionality of parallel corpora, such as contextual alignment, textual synchrony, and adaptation to profession-oriented tasks. The paper analyzes the didactic potential of parallel corpora, which enables precise study of linguistic patterns and lexical variability.

This article analyzes the factors influencing the development of the management culture of preschool education institution leaders and examines the ways to improve it. It also explores the theoretical and practical foundations of effective management, advanced international experiences, and approaches adapted to the national education system. As a result, scientific and practical recommendations are developed for shaping the management culture of preschool institution leaders, highlighting the impact of this process on education quality and child development. This research contributes to increasing the quality and efficiency of the preschool education system.

The mechanisms of cooperation between the kindergarten and the family in preparing preschool children for school are described in detail, and the tasks of parents and the kindergarten in preparing a child for school and their views on education and upbringing are analyzed on the basis of scientific and practical pedagogical laws.

The article examines the theoretical aspects of the digitalization of accounting and auditing in Uzbekistan. Particular attention is given to the analysis of conceptual approaches, the features of implementing digital technologies, and their impact on the efficiency and transparency of financial control. The article also discusses the prospects for the development of digital systems within the context of the modern economy, as well as potential risks and areas for further research.

This article explores the role of government policy in promoting financial stability within the road construction sector. It examines regulatory frameworks, investment incentives, risk management mechanisms, and public-private partnerships (PPPs) through international case studies including Uzbekistan. The study highlights best practices, identifies challenges, and provides strategic recommendations for strengthening financial resilience in infrastructure development.

The article examines the main types of modeling and their application in the educational process of primary school. Special attention is given to modeling as an effective teaching method that promotes the development of cognitive motivation, logical thinking, and social skills in young learners. The paper presents practical examples of using physical, game-based, mathematical, computer, and simulation models at different stages of the learning process.

This article explores how adolescents conceptualize and linguistically express their worldview through a psycholinguistic lens. It examines the interplay between cognitive development, emotional maturity, and linguistic choices in adolescent discourse, emphasizing the dynamic relationship between language and individual perception of reality. Drawing on corpus-based observations and psycholinguistic theory, the study highlights the unique features of adolescent language, including lexical innovation, metaphorical framing, emotional expressiveness, and social positioning. The findings provide insight into how adolescents construct their identity, relate to their environment, and shape their understanding of the world through language.

This article explores the linguistic consequences of prolonged contact between Turkic languages and three major linguistic traditions: Persian, Arabic, and Russian. It examines the nature and depth of lexical, morphological, phonological, and syntactic borrowing, alongside sociohistorical factors that have shaped these processes. The paper highlights the asymmetry of influence, the domains most affected (religion, administration, education, and science), and the strategies of linguistic adaptation within Turkic language systems. The study contributes to our understanding of how language contact shapes structural and semantic developments across typologically diverse linguistic families.

This article explores the terminology of a relatively young aspect of Uzbek musical culture – pop music – and its associated terms such as «light», «mass», «beat», «rock» and «everyday music».

The article reflects on the contribution of Uzbek classical literature to world civilization, their rich cultural and spiritual heritage, interpretations of the works of Alisher Navoi on the Uzbek theater scene.  

This article focuses on the life and scientific work of Imam al-Bukhari, one of the brightest representatives of the Renaissance in the region of Mowarannahr in the 9th-12th centuries, one of the great representatives of religion.The main goal of the research is to further study the exemplary life and fruitful activities of Imam Bukhari and popularize them among readers. In addition, it is necessary to study the activities of such great people as Imam al-Bukhari as a descendant, as well as their creativity

Assessment is a cornerstone of the educational process, serving as both an evaluative measure of student performance and a dynamic tool for instructional enhancement. This article delves into two fundamental assessment types formative and summative shedding light on their distinct purposes, methodologies, and implications for both educators and learners. Summative assessment primarily gauges student learning at the culmination of an instructional period, while formative assessment offers continuous, real-time feedback to guide the learning journey. The discussion underscores the necessity of harmonizing these assessment strategies to achieve robust educational outcomes and foster a learner-centered environment.

This article is devoted to the specific aspects of the naturalistic literary movement that emerged at the end of the 19th century. Naturalistic works show how human behavior, life, and destiny are shaped by external factors — environment, heredity, and society. A person often seems helpless in front of forces beyond his control. The article analyzes important aspects of naturalistic literature with examples.

 this article analyzes the pedagogical, creative and practical significance of the general piano Science for students studying in the direction of variety singing. The article also highlights the role of piano lessons in expanding the repertoire of pop singers, developing musical thinking and hearing, strengthening technical and aesthetic skills.

In recent years, along with all spheres of national culture, a number of measures have been taken to support theatrical art, in particular, to improve its material and technical base, to stimulate creative workers of the stage. This article analyzes the significance of Uzbek theatre in contemporary socio-cultural processes.

This article provides information about the modern approach of students to organizing spiritual work in extracurricular educational processes.

The formation of a harmonious personality in all respects is important for the stability and future of society as the main goal of National Education. This article analyzes the concept of a harmonious personality, its main features and ways of formation. Areas such as spiritual and moral education, physical education, cognitive and intellectual development, social activities and civil education, creativity and culture are covered in detail. The role of the family, school, national and religious values in the education of the individual and the importance of this process for society are also indicated. The opinions presented in the article are enriched by recommendations aimed at further improving the national education system.

As medical care for stroke patients improves and mortality decreases, the proportion of patients with cognitive disorders will increase. An important factor contributing to the increase in the number of this category of patients is the change in The demographic situation in the world is an increase in the number of elderly and senile people. In elderly people, even a small ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke can worsen the existing slight decrease in cognitive functions associated with age-related changes, chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency, hidden by the current neurodegenerative process. At the same time, cognitive decline worsens the quality of life of patients, leads to impaired social activity and disability.

Habits play a crucial role in shaping behavior,self-discipline,and overall well-being. This article explores the science behind habit formation and its importance in achieving lasting change. Drawing from James Clear’s Atomic Habits and contemporary psychological studies,it highlights how small, consistent actions can be more impactful and effective than ambitious, short-term goals. Habits develop through repeated actions and reinforcement, eventually becoming automatic, as explained by the habit loop (cue → craving → response → reward).The article outlines strategies like habit stacking, designing supportive environments, and using tracking tools to encourage good habits and reduce harmful ones. It emphasizes the value of focusing on systems and processes rather than outcomes,aligning behaviors with personal identity, and adopting proactive methods to minimize reliance on willpower. Challenges such as delayed results and resistance to change are addressed through techniques like the TwoMinute Rule, implementation plans, and self-reflection supported by tracking technologies. The idea of “effortless self-control”is also explored, revealing that people with strong self-discipline rely more on ingrained habits than one constant effort. Research findings, including studies on using technology for tracking and reflection, demonstrate how habits can positively influence areas like academics, financial management, and healthy living. By shifting focus to identitybased change and celebrating small wins, the article concludes that sustainable habits can drive significant improvements across all aspects of life.

Nowadays, in world literary studies, much attention is paid to the issue of character, the artistic development of the national character, its importance in revealing a work of art, and the assessment of the level of literature in reflecting universal and national values. Today, it has become necessary to study the skill of writers to create a national character, to promote the national values ​depicted in works of art.

This article delves into the evolving public service system in Uzbekistan, focusing on the rights, duties, and responsibilities of public servants. It explores the core legal and ethical principles that guide their work, including ensuring job security, fostering professional growth, and upholding accountability and transparency. The piece also sheds light on significant challenges that hinder progress, such as corruption, regional inequalities, and inefficiencies within bureaucratic processes. Amid these hurdles, the article highlights ongoing reforms aimed at modernizing public administration. These include initiatives like digitalizing services, implementing capacity-building programs, and fostering greater public trust in governance. The discussion concludes with actionable recommendations to enhance oversight, streamline regulations, and encourage active citizen participation in decision-making processes. By tackling these issues, Uzbekistan has the potential to strengthen its public service sector, ensuring fairer and more effective service delivery while building a stronger bond of trust between the government and its people.

This article provides information on teaching mathematics to primary school students using interactive methods.

In 1824, the four eldest girls (excluding Anne) entered the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, which educated the children of less prosperous members of the clergy, and had been recommended to Mr Brontë. The following year, Maria and Elizabeth fell gravely ill and were removed from the school, later dying on 6 May and 15 June 1825, respectively. 

This article analyzes the objective and subjective factors behind the emergence of the philosophy of education, its necessity, formation as an independent field of knowledge, structure, modern development trends, its important role in social life, and improving the quality of education, as well as its prospects.

This article examines the impact of globalization on the structure of contemporary society, explores the reasons behind the emergence of global factors, their specific characteristics, interrelations, transformation, criteria, and the dialectic of objective and subjective elements. It also studies the dynamics of the influence of global factors on societal development.

This article analyzes the education system in the Bukhara Emirate at the end of the 19th century. It discusses the structure of schools and madrasas, curricula, the activities of teachers, and the role of education in society. The article also examines the initiatives of reformist intellectuals in the field of education and their contributions to the development of modern science. Based on historical sources, the article reveals the differences between traditional and modern educational approaches at the end of the 19th century.

AI enhances the accuracy and consistency of language assessments. Personalized, adaptive tests meet learners where they are, ensuring more effective evaluation. Real-time feedback accelerates learning and improvement. This article provides information about future trends in international language assessment standards.

The reactivity of cotton pulp during chemical processing is significantly lower compared to celluloses obtained from other cellulose-containing plants. An increase in the reactivity of cotton cellulose improves the quality of the resulting product, and also increases labor productivity.

The aim of this work is to increase the reactivity of cotton cellulose for chemical processing, improve the quality of the resulting product and increase the reaction.

In this work, methods were used to determine the composition and structure of cotton cellulose samples. The reactivity of the obtained samples to acetylation was studied.

The increase in reactivity was evaluated by the reduction of crystalline regions based on diffractograms that were recorded on an XPD-6100 controlled computer instrument (Shumazu, Japan).

A method is proposed for increasing the reactivity of cotton cellulose by treating it with high-voltage electric charges, in which crystalline regions sharply decrease, which reduce the reactivity.

The following optimal activation parameters of cotton cellulose were found: voltage - 11-13 kV; the number of pulses - 22-24; required capacitance - 0.6 μF.

Thanks to the use of this method, it was possible to increase the reactivity of cotton cellulose to chemical processing, in particular to acetylation. This allowed us to improve the quality indicators of cellulose acetate, increase the productivity of the finished product due to improved filtration of cellulose acetate.

This article analyzes the importance of the effective functioning of the motivation system in the socio-economic system, its role in increasing productivity among people and effectively managing labor resources. The influence of motivation on socio-economic stability and what positive changes it brings to the individual and collective mental state in society are also considered as important aspects.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word. This article explores the various types of morphemes in the Russian language, focusing on their classification and functional roles in word formation. The study categorizes morphemes into free and bound morphemes, inflectional and derivational morphemes, and examines their significance in linguistic structures. The findings aim to enhance the understanding of morphological processes in Russian and contribute to the broader field of linguistics.

This article explores the multifaceted challenges that adult language learners face in developing effective listening comprehension skills. It begins by emphasizing the significance of listening as an active, meaning-making process essential for communication and language development. The discussion highlights several common difficulties such as memory limitations, fast speech, limited vocabulary, pronunciation issues, and cultural unfamiliarity. Drawing on various studies, the article further examines how age-related cognitive and sensory decline affects auditory processing and comprehension, especially in second language (L2) contexts. It also reflects on the role of metacognitive strategies and learner confidence in overcoming these obstacles. The article concludes by urging educators to apply appropriate teaching methods and strategies that consider the diverse needs and limitations of adult learners to foster effective listening comprehension.

The paper presents the results of selecting the composition of composite gypsum materials using inorganic fillers - ash microspheres, which are formed during the combustion of coal at thermal power plants. Based on the laboratory studies, composite compositions have been developed for obtaining heat-insulating building products with low bulk density. The rheological properties and physical and mechanical properties of mortar mixtures have been studied and the optimal compositions of composite gypsum mixtures for the production of heat-insulating materials using aluminosilicate ash microspheres have been determined.

In this article, effective methods of educating students in the spirit of patriotism are analyzed based on a systematic approach. It is known that patriotic education in educational institutions is aimed not only at the physical and moral formation of young people, but also at instilling in them a sense of responsibility towards the national idea, human rights and historical memory. The article examines the possibilities of forming a sense of nationalism and patriotism in young people through the formation of a vertical model and the introduction of a systematic approach in the educational process. Also, issues of improvement of the education system, implementation of modern methods and practical ways of education based on the Presidential decrees (PK-393 and PK-270) are covered.

The article shows that education system the concept of "University 3.0" in the development role and innovation universities importance illuminated. "University 3.0" is modern education technologies and scientific and innovative processes activity integration to do aimed at new approach students and teachers​​ activity improvement, scientific research and industry with cooperation strengthening, as well as global competitiveness to provide goal The article also discusses innovative​​ universities science and technology current in the making role in society and the economy to changes how answer give their education and training quality in improvement opportunities seeing The concept of "University 3.0" is emerging. education in the system new opportunities creation, modern knowledge students and society for further effective in a way presented to grow for important platform is considered.

This article discusses the types of natural resources and their rational use, natural resources in Uzbekistan, and the impact of fossil fuel use on the environment.

This article describes the process of desertification and the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting it, the causes and consequences of the problem of desertification, and their geographical aspects.

Hypodynamia is one of the modern diseases of the 21st century - the century of information technology. Hypodynamia is a violation of human health, due to low movement of muscle mass.  The article shows the results of the study of the degree of sedentary behavior of the first-year students of the 128-group of Samarkand State Medical University.

This article highlights the importance of problems in developing students' analytical, creative, and independent thinking skills. Problem-based learning is an important tool in the educational process to expand students' thinking and enhance their creative abilities. Problems provide students with the opportunity to analyze logically, solve problems, and express their thoughts independently. This article also provides information on methods to increase students' motivation and encourage them to express their thoughts freely while working on problems.

This article analyzes foreign experiences in improving product quality and creating a competitive environment in manufacturing enterprises. Improving product quality and ensuring its efficiency, based on modern import-export experience, is important for increasing competitiveness in the global economy. The article examines quality management systems, innovative technologies, and strategies for strengthening competitiveness on the example of foreign countries. It also identifies problems in the business environment of Uzbekistan and ways to solve them.

This article analyzes foreign experience in improving the mechanisms for implementing quality management in construction enterprises. Quality standards and management systems are of great importance in the construction industry, which allow improving project results and meeting customer needs. The article reviews quality management practices in the United States, the European Union and other developed countries, and presents examples of their successful experiences and achievements. It also discusses modern trends, innovations and methodologies related to quality management. It is expected that this study will be useful in more effective implementation of quality management in construction enterprises.

intellectual competence is an essential component of effective teaching, including cognitive skills, critical thinking skills, and lifelong learning. Developing intellectual competence for future teachers is critical to adapting to a dynamic learning environment and supporting student growth and achievement.

The AUS preposition is an important word in German that expresses location, action, and other states. The correct translation and use of this preposition in Uzbek varies depending on its context. During the learning process, students will learn more about the meaning and use of the AUS preposition to correctly understand actions and states occurring in German. This will also help improve their language skills.

The postmodernist alteration of perception and the integrity of style in English and Uzbek writing are examined in this essay. Highlighted are the distinctive and similar features of the two literary schools, the way of thinking that characterizes postmodern literature, and the harmonization of artistic means and styles. Prose samples are used to examine how postmodern techniques have affected the writing process.